Protestantism in the United States free essay sample

Mainline holy places share a typical way to deal with social issus, they were consistently dynamic in social causes, for example, social liberties second. As a gathering, the mainline houses of worship have kept up strict regulation that stressesâ social justiceâ and personalâ salvation. Fervency Evangelical Churches energetic express and offer they confidence through gospel-(sharing the uplifting news) in different ways, that incorporates lecturing and social activities. They remain among fundamentalists and nonconformists. The biggest grouping of Evangelicals can be found in the United States, with 28. % of populace or 91. 6 million, not exactly a fourth of the world figure †¢ conversionism, the conviction that lives should be changed; †¢ activism, the outflow of the gospel in exertion; †¢ biblicism, a specific respect for the Bible; and †¢ crucicentrism, a weight on the penance of Christ on the cross. The biggest divisions: Baptists Baptistsâ are the biggest Protestant gathering in the United States, and the Southern Baptist Conventionâ is the biggest Protestant section in the U. We will compose a custom exposition test on Protestantism in the United States or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page S. , with 16â million individuals. Pentecostalism is the second division in USA . It is a strict development ithin Protestantism, that places extraordinary accentuation on an immediate individual encounter of God through theâ baptism of the Holy Spirit. Pentecostals will in general consider their to be as mirroring a similar sort of otherworldly force, revere styles and lessons that were found in theâ early church. Lutheranism Lutheran division, is the third biggest section in USA that relates to the religious philosophy of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luthers who distributed 95 Theses, that speeded the possibility of Protestantism. Lutherans have 4 primary concerns I their religion: Only the Christ, Only the Bible, Faith, Grace Presbyterianism Presbyterianismâ is a branch of Protestant Christianity that holds fast to the Calvinist theological custom and whose gatherings are sorted out as indicated by a Presbyterian commonwealth. Presbyterian philosophy ordinarily underscores the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the need ofâ graceâ through confidence in Christ. Restorationism, once in a while called Christian primitivism, alludes to the conviction held by different strict developments that unique Christianity or the Christianity of the Apostolic Ageâ should be reestablished. A large number of them are Nontrinitarian, that is they dismiss the Holy Trinity.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) Essay

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) - Essay Example Understudy accomplishment in the most basic scholastic abilities kept on declining, particularly in low-pay school regions. In this manner, the ESEA was intended to fill in as a subsidizing hotspot for basic and optional training in the United States was intended to give financing to better instructive assets, allot subsidizing for government funded schools with a requirement for extra money related help and give government-supported awards that would upgrade the nature of state branches of training. Throughout the decades since the initiation of ESEA, it was resolved that update of the ESEA was required to address the issues of contemporary understudies in America. This need prompted the execution of the Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994 in the Clinton organization and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 which both upgraded the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to make instructive change progressively significant for present day scholarly needs. In any case, there is as yet a requirement for additional instructive change that outperforms the pertinence of the NCLB as there are quantifiable insufficiencies identified with this Act. This paper investigates the issues related with NCLB which command further corrections to this Act so as to completely address the issues in today’s state funded school areas. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, while a significant bit of enactment to guarantee higher caliber of instruction, neglects to address certain issues in today’s society. This update to the ESEA doesn't appropriately address the objective of advancing bilingualism. In a significant number of today’s state funded schools, there is a quantifiable deficiency of teachers with the capability and preparing to give bilingual figuring out how to youngsters in basic and optional schools. It is evaluated that there are about 5.1 million understudies needing English-as-a-second-language guidance all through the United States (Cuellar, De la Colina and Battle, 2007). With development in vagrant youngsters currently took a crack at state funded schools

Tuition Fee Vote Scheduled

Tuition Fee Vote Scheduled The OE Blog The government has announced that MPs will vote on Thursday 9th December on plans to raise tuition fees in England to £9000. The vote will prove a vital moment for the Coalition government, whose fledgling ties have already been severely tested by the issue of university tuition. Following the Browne review of higher education, the government proposed a plan which would see state funding for education massively cut, with huge rises in tuition fees paving the way for students to foot the bill for their education instead. Liberal Democrat Difficulties This has proved a particularly sticky political situation for the Liberal Democrats, who signed pledges during the election campaign to oppose any rise in tuition fees as they wooed the student vote. Since the announcement of the new plans, students have taken to the streets in their tens of thousands to protest against the introduction of a new tuition fee system that they say will devastate access to education in this country for those from disadvantaged backgrounds as well as saddling generations of future students with untenable debt. The rage of marchers and of protesters carrying out occupations at universities across the country has focussed on the Liberal Democrats and their leader Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister. Clegg U-Turn After vociferously campaigning on the subject of tuition fees, calling the debt already imposed on students by the current system a travesty, and promising to oppose any rise in tuition fees at every turn in Parliament, Clegg now claims that the economic situation has made his former plans untenable, and that the coalition proposals are the fairest alternative. Tuition fee impact on students Clegg claims that 25% of the poorest students will actually be better off under the new tuition fee scheme, which would see students pay nothing up front, and loan repayments begin at a higher earning threshold. But respected think tank Million+ has published research indicating that the majority of students would in fact be saddled with tens of thousands of extra debt, with the brunt of the burden falling on middle-income families and earners from the middle classes. Access to University Clegg has promised extra incentives, scholarships and access schemes to prevent the rise in university fees from discouraging disadvantaged students from applying. The government announced this week that this would include a fund allowing students who had been eligible for the free school meals plan to have one or two years of their university tuition paid for by the system. Their proposal was somewhat dampened however, by their admission that the money for this scheme would come from the same pot already set aside by the government for university access and scholarship schemes, thus admitting that it does not in fact represent a new scheme or any ‘extra’ allowance for poorer students. Tuition fee protests Protesters, coordinated by the National Union of Students and led by Aaron Porter, have taken to the streets in their masses, with three huge demonstrations and marches through central London bringing Whitehall to a standstill and creating an enormous public show of indignation. Meanwhile in tribute to the peaceful civil disobedience of student protesters in the late sixties, students at several universities including UCL and Cambridge have staged peaceful occupations of university buildings to raise awareness of the cause and to persuade their institutions to act against the governments plans. They have been supported by long lists of respected academics, politicians, philosophers and artists from across the world, including Billy Bragg and respected philosopher Noam Chomsky. Liberal Democrats divided Meanwhile, Clegg’s actions have raised serious concerns and the threat of a split within his own party. A group of 100 important Liberal Democrat members signed a petition begging him to remember their “party values” and claiming that he has abandoned “party policy” as it had been decided at the party conferences. Within the higher ranks too there have been grave concerns, with members as important and high-profile as Vince Cable expressing their reluctance to vote for the proposals, and transport minister Norman Baker threatening to quit his post in order to vote against the rise in tuition fees. Party conference cancelled The strength of feeling surrounding the debate is clear, with the Liberal Democrats unable to hold a party conference this week to strengthen and unify their position due to the risk of becoming surrounded by thousands of protesters. Two independent venues have cancelled their bookings, leaving them in the embarrassing situation of being unable to hold their conference at all until the New Year, a show of strength claimed as a victory by the protesters. Labour opposition Those opposing the plan, including the Labour party and its leader Ed Miliband, claim that it is utterly unfair, brutally shoving an unbearable level of debt onto graduate backs and that it will have a devastating impact on the numbers of students from disadvantaged backgrounds applying to university at all. However the impact of their opposition in Parliament has been dampened by the Labour party’s failure to present a viable or universally supported alternative for tuition fees, with high-ranking party members such as Shadow Chancellor Alan Johnson casting doubt on the feasibility of Miliband’s preferred graduate tax system. MPs to vote on tuition fees Thursday’s vote on university tuition fees remains the cause of much controversy and anticipation, with speculation rife that Liberal Democrat MPs are under simultaneous pressure from their leader to vote for the motion, and from protesters to honour their pledges and take advantage of the provision in the coalition deal allowing them to abstain. With such strength of feeling riding on the vote, there are any number of possible outcomes, with the very real possibility of a three-way split between those voting for and against and those choosing to abstain.

The movie The Hunger Games - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1031 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Hunger Games Essay Did you like this example? The movie, The Hunger Games takes place in a totalitarian-like nation called Panem and its 13 districts. The Capitol of Panem, is a utopian city that oversees all the districts and is governed by the dictator, President Snow. The citizens that reside in the capitol are amongst the wealthiest and most influential individuals within Panem, the citizens here are known for their extravagant lifestyle and over the top sense of style. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The movie The Hunger Games" essay for you Create order Meanwhile, the citizens of each district work hard to provide the Capitol and its resident with the resources needed to maintain their lifestyles. Having to export everything to the Capitol, leaves the district citizens with little to nothing to survive off. Panem used to have 13 Districts but after a rebellion in District 13 broke out, President Snow released toxic bombs onto District 13 and now only 12 Districts remain. As a means of instilling fear and destroying the citizens sense of Hope, President Snow created and built a televised arena to host an annual competition, known as the Hunger Games. This competition consisted of 1 male and 1 female from each District, for a total of 24 participants and they were sent into a televised arena to fight for their lives, as there could only be one victor. The games went on uninterrupted until the 74th Annual games, when Katniss Everdeen volunteered to take her sisters place. This act of love gave others hope and it was that small amount o f hope that started a new revolution. Based on the summary, one would assume that Social Conflict Theory would best fit this movie, but let us first explore all three paradigms and then determine the best fitting paradigm for The Hunger Games. The first paradigm, Functionalism Theory advocated by Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim; it sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and social order. These different parts, known as social structures, are seen as fulfilling specific social functions. For example, the purpose of family is to fulfill the role of socializing children and in turn teach them how to live within society. In the film, Katniss father passed away and left behind two daughters and a widow. Due to the lack of a father, Katniss steps up and assigns herself that paternal role. When this role is reassigned, Katniss unknowingly is proving her family with attention, emotional support and protection within her family. Another example of functionalism, it the role each District provides the Capitol with. Each district is in charge of providing the Capitol with a specific resource and together, all the districts help provide for the Capitol. Seeing as the Capitol is the sole controller of Panem and its districts, it maintains order by setting up an effervescent government, strict caste system and shared norms, ideas and values. In the eyes of the Capitol, the rules are set up fairly to favor both the elites and the districts and allows people to believe in this disillusioned belief that if people work really hard, they too can move up the ranks. The second paradigm Conflict Theory, is advocated by Karl Marx. Conflict theorists imagine society as being composed of different groups that struggle over limited resources such as status, power, money, land, etc. This view sees change as being fundamental to society. The entire premise behind this movie is the class-conflict between the two classes, the Capitolist who have immense wealth, influence and power and the Districts who have to work to barely survive. This way of life works for some time but eventually resistance is bound to take place. This resistance forced the Capitol to take severe actions on its own people, as a means to ensure balance was restored. The use of the Annual Hunger Games functions to intimidate and isolate the districts, provide entertainment for the Capitolists and give hope to the participants that they would be that one remaining victor. Lastly, Interactionist paradigms advocated by George Mead, Charles Cooley and Erving Goffman. Interactionism focuse s on peoples individual social situations, and the meaning that they attach to them. Interactionism understands society as the product of everyday social interactions, such as the shared reality that people create through interactions. Interactionists see society as a large group of people interacting with one another. The Capitol is the epicenter of the Districts, and it closely monitors everything around them. It sees when police presence is needed to teach district residents about respect and order and that they are to follow orders not matter what. Another example of symbolic interactionism is the main character, Katniss Everdeen; she is the symbol for change, fire, destruction and rebellion and is nicknamed the mockingjay. She unintentionally goes against all norms, provides people with a sense of hope and sees whats wrong with the world. During the televised games, Katniss shows remorse towards a fellow competitor by giving the competitor a proper burial. This act of selflessn ess hadnt been seen in previous games and everyone is shocked when they see that not everyone lacks humanity. At the end of the film, Katniss decided to one again go against the rules and decides that for this years games there will either be two or no victors. Based on the three paradigms presented, the movie The Hunger Games is vastly represented by Social Conflict Theory. The film revolves around the idea that change is needed in order to maintain a form of social order within the districts. This change stems from President Snows totalitarian regime, where he has divided Panem into the Capitol and the Districts. The uses of the Annual Hunger Games and PeaceKeepers (police presence), allows the Capitol to remain in power by having total control of the districts and their resources. The difference in power, allows capitol resident to feel at ease as they do not need to send volunteers to the game. While, district residents have no choice but to participate in the random selection process. Another form of conflict theory is the characters appearances based on clothing. Capitalists have these outrageously, colorful and standout outfits while the districts have on grey colored clothes. Conflict theory revolves around the idea that social order is derived from superiority rather than unity and obedience.

college athletes Essay - 1175 Words

Pay To Play: Should College Athletes Be Paid? Does it make sense for an academic institution to run a multimillion dollar entertainment business, which is what college football and college basketball have become? Does it make sense for these institutions to pay the student-athletes who participate in these football and basketball programs? The reality is that college sports programs, namely the quot;big namequot; programs such as football and basketball programs at marquee schools, are businesses that stand to make a large amount of money for their respective schools. According to an article in the Harvard Journal on Legislation, quot;[i]n the past twelve years, the amount of money generated by these two sports has increased†¦show more content†¦The argument is that if student-athletes get paid, they will remain in school and complete their education. But, is money such a big problem for these student-athletes? Dont they receive scholarships? How much more money do they need? The truth is that quot;fullquot; scholarships do not always entirely cover tuition and cost of living. However, these students can still do what a majority of students do, which is to get loans. Still, some of these student-athletes do not qualify for such loans, so there is still a gap between the money they get and the total cost of attendance. This gap,coupled with the fact that football and basketball players help generate so much revenue, has caused some intercollegiate teams to provide their athletes with extra compensation, which is in direct violation of NCAA bylaws. 41 Harv. J. on Legis. 319. Perhaps creating a method of payment above and beyond scholarships would help to decrease the amount of corruption, and quot;under the tablequot; activities of some of these nationally recognized sports programs. But creating such a system may also lead to other problems. Developing such an economy in college football and basketball would result in a monetary race to buy the best athletes in the country. This would lead to a significant gap inShow MoreRelatedCollege Athletes Should Be Paid1617 Words   |  7 Pageswait for march to come around just for college basketball. Trying to make the perfect bracket to win some money against their friends, and of course the right to gloat about having a bracket. During march you can’t watch one television show without seeing a commercial with a college basketball player on it. Everyone playing as well as everyone watching is filled with excitement and anticipation to see who will be crowned the next national champion. College athletes are some of the hardest working peopleRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesin collegiate sports; should college athletes be paid. For decades now school administers, alumni, boosters, and student athletes have been torn between the two sides, and I, for one, am in agreement with the idea of student athletes be compensated financially for all their time and dedication to their respectable sport. As you can imagine, there are many who oppose the idea, but as I stated in my previous essay there are great benefits for allowing student-athletes to be compensated. However, thisRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?2138 Words   |  9 Pagesbeen produced the past couple of years debating whether college student-athletes should be paid. I specifically chose this topic because it pertains to me, and I can relate to both sides of the argument. Being a student-athlete at St. Lawrence University, I can attest to how much time athletes put into their spor t and all the hard-work put in on a daily basis. On one hand, I see how the student-athlete deems him/herself as a full-time athlete and spend more time practicing and working out for theirRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1397 Words   |  6 Pagessports, is whether or not college athletes should be paid. When referring to college athletes the main focus is on basketball and football athletes. The sports of both basketball and football in the NCAA generate the most revenue amongst all other college sports. The combined profit of these two sports go through a trickling down process, in which the income is distributed amongst the other sports teams of the university. The ideal thing to expect is to pay all college athletes, the reality is that onlyRead MoreCollege Athlete Compensation : College Athletes2251 Words   |  10 PagesCollege Athlete Compensation When the topic of college comes up, many things come to mind. Those are the glory days for most of us. The college parties, the struggle to find a balance between having fun and maintaining a good GPA, and not to mention the amazing athletic departments that colleges offer. Everyone enjoys sports but does anyone ever stop to wonder how much goes into the preparation for those games? There’s much more effort that’s put into it other than just showing up for practice.Read MoreCollege Athlete Compensation : College Athletes2260 Words   |  10 PagesCOLLEGE ATHLETE COMPENSATION When the topic of college comes up, many things come to mind. Those are the glory days for most of us. The college parties, the struggle to find a balance between having fun and maintaining a good GPA, and not to mention the amazing athletic departments that colleges offer. Everyone enjoys sports but does anyone ever stop to wonder how much goes into preparing for those games? There’s very much work that goes in the preparation of a student athlete other than just showingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1499 Words   |  6 PagesStudent athletes commonly go to school for one reason: their love for the sport they participate in. These student athletes get scholarships from large Division 1 schools, which means things such as schooling, board, and food will be paid for by the school so the student athletes do not have to pay for these benefits themselves (Patterson). If college athletes are to be paid, it will cause unfair compensation between players who are valued or played more than others. When student athletes are rewardedRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1021 Words   |  5 Pagesof collegiate student-athletes participate in a variety of different sports, and currently they do not receive paychecks for their performances. College athletics have attained an extensive popularity increase among Americans over the past few decades. The result - increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); therefore, the participating colleges are fueling the debate of whether or not college athletes should collect an income. College athletes should not be paid toRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?849 Words   |  4 Pages It is no surprise that college athletics is on the rise, it has worked it’s way into becoming one of the biggest businesses in America today. With ticket sales, television contracts, and merchandising colleges generate millions of dollars every year. College athletics has such an emotiona l attachment that goes beyond just the students who attend the school. With the NCAA making so much money from these athletes there has been intense debating on whether college athletes should be compensated beyondRead MoreYoung College Athletes730 Words   |  3 Pagesof becoming a college athlete and going down in history. With the many controversies in athletics today it is getting harder to fulfill this dream. One of the main controversies is college athletes becoming employees of the college. There are many reasons why athletes should not be employees. College athletes should not be considered employees of the college it will send a bad message to younger generations, cause contract disagreements and lastly it would make the cost of colleges much high than

Principal’s Role in Teachers Motivation Free Essays

INTRODUCTION The principal or leader of any learning institution is the key component in creating an effective school. In creating an effective school, the principal must be effective in his role as a leader. The principal is the centre of attention and will be observed by teachers, students and parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Principal’s Role in Teachers Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, the principal is the one who should lead by example. Then it is of utmost importance that the principal exhibits qualities of an effective leader that are conducive to creating an effective school. School culture and the relationship that the parents, teachers and students have with the school have been linked closely to school effectiveness. According to Sergiovanni (2000), most successful leaders will tell you that getting the culture right and paying attention to how parents, teachers and students define and experience meaning are two widely accepted rules for creating effective schools. O’Hanlon and Clifton (2004) posit that the principal is on stage all the time and must be effective in maintaining order and establishing a sense of integrity for the school. Having an effective school can be seen as the ‘life blood’ of every principal and highlights the type of leadership style used by the principal to bring about such a school. In addition, school effectiveness results in teachers’ satisfaction and a high level of academic achievement by the students. An effective school is seen as one that promotes the progress of its students in a broad range of intellectual, social and emotional outcomes, where students progress further than might be expected from knowledge of their backgrounds (Sammons et al. , 1995). STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to identify the role of principal in creating an effective school. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We can all remember childhood moments when at school, the principal would announce at full assembly the outstanding performance of some athletes or the spelling team for achieving first place in the spelling competition. The expression on the faces of the principal, teachers and students is evidence that the school has achieved something great. It is moments like these that we vividly remember and recall the events with much joy and anticipation. However school effectiveness and the principal’s role are of major concern to principals, teachers, students and parents. For some concern parents, the principal is the deciding factor when it comes to the school that their child will attend. If the principal is one that they believe to have good leadership qualities, they will be comfortable that their child or children will do well at that particular school. It would be extremely difficult for schools to be effective if they are characterised by ineffective leaders or low achieving students. Literature clearly states that a strong leader and high student achievement are clear indicators of an effective school. An effective principal supports high student achievement and ensures that staff makes worthy contributions towards the school being effective (O’Hanlon Clifton, 2004). This research paper will be guided by the following questions: What are the factors influencing school effectiveness? What are the qualities of an effective principal? How does school effectiveness impact on student achievement? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This paper seeks to show the importance of the role of the principal in creating an effective school. It will also examine the qualities needed by the principal in order to create an effective school and points out that the student is first priority in an effective school. Research of this topic will also provide educators, researchers and policy holders with a better understanding of effective schools and principal leadership and how they can improve on these areas. This study will also examine the views of the teachers, students and parents in relation to the relationship between school effectiveness and principal leadership. DEFINITION OF TERMS It is important that the following terms be defined in the context in which they are used in this paper: Effective school- achieves exceptional academic performances and engenders students who are disciplined and well-rounded. Role- a socially expected behavioural pattern usually determined by an individual’s status in a particular society Principal- a person who has controlling authority or is in a leading position School culture- a set of common understandings for organizing actions and language and other symbolic vehicles for expressing common understandings Student achievement- refers to academic success by a student LITERATURE REVIEW Significant efforts have been made in recent times to establish a relationship between effective schools and principal leadership. This is supported by Rice (2010) as she cites Horng et al. , (2009) who states that for decades, the principal has been recognized as an important contributor to the effectiveness of the school and furthermore the principal constitutes the core of the leadership team in school and influences a variety of school outcomes which include student achievement, through their recruitment and motivation of quality teachers and the ability to identify and articulate school vision and goals. Ubben et al. , (2011) define an effective school as one that is achieving high and equitable levels of student learning. They further state that there are seven correlates of an effective school which are as follows: 1. Clear School Mission 2. High Expectations for Success 3. Instructional Leadership 4. Frequent Mentoring of Student Progress 5. Opportunity to Learn and Time on Task 6. Safe and Orderly Environment 7. Home/School Relations Edmonds and Lezotte (2008) offer another perspective of an effective school. They state that 95 percent or more of the students at each grade level must demonstrate minimum academic mastery and are prepared to succeed in the next grade anywhere in the United States, there shall be no significant difference in the proportion of students demonstrating minimum academic mastery as a function of socioeconomic class and the above two conditions must be obtained for a minimum of three consecutive years. Sergiovanni (2009) posits that an effective school is understood to be a school whose students achieve well in basic skills as measured by achievement tests. He also opines that an effective school is one with a shared covenant clearly articulating the school’s core values and providing a standard by which actions will be judged (Sergiovanni, 1992). How to cite Principal’s Role in Teachers Motivation, Papers

Plunkitt Of Tammany Hall Essays - George W. Plunkitt, Tammany Hall

Plunkitt Of Tammany Hall Book Report on Plunkitt of Tammany Hall 1. Honest Graft and Dishonest Graft- When Plunkitt was tipped off about something in the city or someone wanting to built a park or something, he sees the opportunity and he takes it. He buys up the land before they do. When they see that they are going to need the land, he sells it to them at a much higher price than what he paid for it, giving him a nice profit. That is honest graft. Several politicians are accused of stealing dollars from the state's treasury, this is an example of dishonest graft. The condemnation commissioners came along and found piece after piece of land under the name George Plunkitt of the Fifteenth Assembly District, New York City. They wondered how he knew just what to buy. Plunkitt sees the opportunity and he takes it. 2. How to Become a Statesman- If you want to make a fame and fortune for yourself in politics, do not come at them with all of your book smarts and saying how smart you are. That is a big mistake. Get a person to follow you, even if it is only one person and say that you want to join the organization. Do not go at them with your book smarts because they will say that they have no use for you here. 3. The Curse of the Civil Service Reform- Men who have patriotism get it blasted away when they take the civil services examination. The civil service law is the biggest fraud of the age. There are ten thousand good offices, but we cannot get no more than a few hundred of them. When we cannot place these men who wanted to serve their country, they become an Anarchist. There is nothing in the game. 4. Reformers Only Morning' Glories- Many reform movements were started during PLunkitt's forty years in politics, but none have lasted more than a few years. Morning glories looked great in the beginning but folded in short time. These reformers have been going into things without much practice while the politicians, have been practicing all of their lives and know ever fine point of the game. 5. New York City Is Pie for the Hayseeds- New York farmers wanted their taxes lowered because they were too high. The Republican Legislature will make a rush for the farmer and tell him that if he does not see what he wants to ask for it. After they cut the farmers tax , they raise taxes on liquor and some other taxes in New York City. They take half of the proceeds from the State Treasury and cut down the farmers taxes to suit. New York City is a big fat goose. Come along with your carvings knives and have a slice. 6. To Hold Your District: Study Human Nature and Act According'- Plunkitt talks about books being a hindrance and the only way to last is to know everyone in your district. He talks about looking after the people, know what they are interested in and help them with what they want. Help the people and they will help you on election day. 7. On the Shame of the Cities- In Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, Plunkitt says that he does not know how to make decisions. He talks about the Philadelphia Republican Gang and Tammany Hall being almost the same. Plunkitt thinks he is all wrong. Plunkitt seems to talk about politicians stealing, saying that they in 1905 are no worse than 1835 as a class. It just means that the old timers had nothing to steal, while the politicians in 1905 were surrounded by temptations. 8.Ingratitude in Politics- Plunkitt talks about how he was back stabbed by one of the people he took in hand, ?The? McManus. His friends told him that this would happen but he did not believe them. McManus ran ahead of Plunkitt in their own district. He later broke his ties with him. When a district leader is voted in it is like a solemn contract. If you do good and help us out, we will re-elect you next term. If you do not, you will be swatted down and

A Management Plan For Skellig Michael Tourism Essay Essay Example

A Management Plan For Skellig Michael Tourism Essay Essay Example A Management Plan For Skellig Michael Tourism Essay Essay A Management Plan For Skellig Michael Tourism Essay Essay . This is the chief aim of the Skellig Michael direction program. The program besides includes preservation, which is a cardinal facet, presentation, visitant direction, statute law, and development consideration. These are all necessary to the saving of the site for future coevalss ; the program is all based on the foundation of long-run vision for the site. The stray location of Skellig Michael has preserved it from devastation for many 100s of old ages. Skellig Michael is an highly powerful beginning of our individuality and it is described as a and an. It is one of the two World Heritage Sites that the democracy of Ireland has to its name and with this UNESCO enforces many regulations that are in topographic point to protect the cosmopolitan value of the site. Outstanding Universal value applies to the sites Its unity is paramount to its maintaining of this position. Skellig Michael falls under the classs of ( three ) and ( IV ) for universe heritage position. These are as follow s: Yet, nevertheless much Skellig Michael invokes a sense of admiration and awe its universe heritage position may come under menace due to the safety on site. . However, due to the steep landscape on which Skellig Michael is placed this is non possible. The direction program deals with the issue of safety for tourers sing the site. Due to two tourers being fatally injured whilst sing the site big leagues concerns have been raised about incidents of this nature go oning once more in the hereafter. There are six 100 stairss on the island to acquire up to the cloistered colony, all are uneven, slippy and each more danger so the following. Stability is a major issue yet the recommendation of building a bannister could impact the genuineness of the site and force UNESCO to retreat the sites World heritage position. This would intend at a National degree we would be down to merely one heritage site and this would be really detrimental to Skellig Michael itself. However, there are different attacks to this issue, such as foregrounding the safety in the mission statement, because at this minute in clip it seems to be a secondary idea on the docket. Looking at the stereotype of tourer sing the site and reding them decently of the hazard involved in it. The booklets provided by the site practicians are mediocre in the information that they provide on reding people of the menace of hurt. Many do non halt at the interpretative Centre in Port McGee and this is where the safety messages are given. It should be made compulsory for the tourers to see and have this information. A manner of enforcing this would be for the boats to sell their tickets to acquire to the island at the Centre. Another country of concern is the gap of entree to the south extremum. The topography here is highly unsafe even for experient climbers but the direction program outlines this concern and has put a rigorous monitoring government in topographic point to forestall any a ccidents from happening, whilst still protecting the natural wildlife on this portion of the island. The transporting capacity of the site is limited besides in Numberss. In the period between 1978 and 1994 visitant Numberss increased and with this so did the harm to the memorial. OPW were so forced to do an understanding with the boats work forces to restrict their carrying capacity to a upper limit of 180 tourers, this reduces harm and accordingly conserved the site at a higher criterion. each boat is given a license yearly saying the day of the months in which they can run trips to and from Skellig Michael and any visits made outside of the period is non permitted by OPW. This is bend is another safety safeguard taken on by the direction program so that no harm can be done to the memorial and besides that lives are nt put on the line due to the deficiency of ushers present on the island outside of gap day of the months and times. The entree to the site is merely by boat, this hinders the tourers as the conditions, and sea conditions are highly unpredictable during the season. The direction program has besides limited the Numberss of boats that it gives a license to cresting it at 15 upper limit. They have besides two sail ships that can run during the season, but there Numberss are capped at a hundred and they can merely see between six a.m. and eleven a.m. They have besides capped the transporting capacity lower to take in to account an private boat that is to see the memorial, even though this is non officially permitted. As we can see, the direction program has dealt with the issue of the transporting capacity of the memorial successfully and has liaison with several local organisations that would be closely linked to the site. Unlike many other memorials such as Stonehenge that has a immense carrying capacity, Skellig Michael is a vulnerable and delicate piece of our heritage which, if it was to transport more than 180 at a clip it would be destructive to its unity. Spare town walls are another built-in piece of Irish history yet they are endangered by the fact that they have a life modern town interacting around them. Problems such as graffito and even remotion of rocks can ensue in the loss of our walled heritage. For about three hundred old ages, the walls were forgotten approximately and abandoned amongst the abysm of nature. The town grew and so did the land degree destructing grounds of the wall. The From aerial shootings you can see the country where the wall existed and enclosed the town ; The direction program is created to, once more, protect to the site so that All the mission statements of Irish sites are really generic and include all the same ideals of preservation, publicity and sustainability for the hereafter. The direction program was good thought out with many meetings between the stakeholders and the populace, it include all sides of the spectrum. This helps to transfuse a sense of ownership into the locals and in bend may take to them holding a personal nexus to the site, which could reason in them protecting the memorial. The direction programs outlined many cardinal aims for which they realised that to be successful pro-active monitoring is necessary. A properly operation direction group needs to implicate the defined recommendations in the program ; this is the key to successful direction for any site. As we can see from Skellig, that the above statement is true. The ground that Trim has disintegrated to its present province is due to the fact that no enforcements where present earlier and unlike Skellig Michael it did non hold the luxury of World Heritage Status to protect or continue it, nor do any of the other heritage sites around Ireland. This is why it is so of import that we look at our landscape critically and measure what heritage we keep . With this regular monitoring Trim town walls could be successfully conserved and insurance could be made for their presence for the hereafter. The direction program will be tied into several other types of statute law to make with the town and council s o that every twenty-four hours things like the edifice of houses or substructure such as roads will non interfere with the site. The tourer facet besides came into the program, as there are no interpretative panels around the memorial. These are indispensable to the visitant experience and how the tourer will interact with the site because at present they come off with no instruction of the value of the importance that the walls have in our history. The program clearly states how this could be done successfully and what stuffs that should be used in the building of these panels. They besides suggest that an educational DVD should be shown at the interpretative Centre at the palace. Lough Gur, in County Limerick is another heritage site that is highly of import to our society and to future coevalss. Recommended for World Heritage Status due to it being a microcosm of history, it is a classical site that combines both natural and civilization in entirety. However, no reference is given to what standards Lough Gur falls under for World Heritage Status. In 2009, many professionals undertook a direction survey, yet this was its ruin as it is entirely based on recommendations with no interaction with local organisations, therefore trusting no public sentiment to the aims. Lough Gur is in private run by Shannon Development and with this, a figure of jobs have arisen. Shannon Development is more into charming and enigma for net income addition compared OPW s mission statement of protect and preserve . Shannon Development like any concern has long term aims to acquire the most out of its sites, such as Bunratty Castle. The direction program outlines Shannon Development for the hereafter of Lough Gur However, no reference is given to the fact Lough Gur it did non convey in adequate money so the interpretative Centre is being closed down. The lone recommendation that they do do is that Bouchiers Castle to be viewed in the visible radiation of a future heritage Centre. Yet would this non destruct the unity of the memorial? Another issue that needs to be addressed is the degree of reading, or the deficiency of it, available on site. No circuit ushers are provided, the interpretative panels are overgrown and upwind worn, andthe proviso of cusps is limited and most are merely in English or Irish. The site has many different memorials such as grange rock circle, Bouchiers Castle and Carraig Aille to call but a few. These are spread widely across the landscape and some are naked to the human oculus. These are all restrictions to the visitant s interaction with the site and their sense of apprehension. Access to the some of the sites is virtually impossible, as they are located on steep topography. Some kind of information should be given about the sites that some people may non be able to see, due to physical parturiencies. The program for Lough Gur is truly merely an enlightening survey about the site and its cultural importance yet many spreads are left to be filled. Without the nexus between top down gov ernmental administrations and the local people of the country the program will neer be implemented successfully. Internationally, heritage sites have more issues associated with them. For illustration, Henderson island, one of the Pitcairn Island in the cardinal South Pacific. Known for being an

Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology

Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology The Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) is used to protect soldiers from chemical, biological, radioactive and other weapons and fallout. It is used with the Chemical Protective Mask for fully protect the body. JSLIST was developed by all four Defense services to provide a common protective suit. The suit includes the suit, overboots and gloves. JSLIST was developed to reduce heat build-up, allow for long wear, be washable and work with masks and other protective gear. The front of the suit opens and is designed to be worn over the soldiers uniform. JSLIST includes a hood, suspenders, high-waist pants and waist length jacket. Zippers have Velcro fastening covers to seal the zipper openings. The left sleeve has a pocket with flap for storage. The JSLIST suit liner has charcoal infused in the material to absorb chemical agents. The charcoal is high-tech activated carbon spheres making the suit lighter and less bulky. The fabric is designed to allow for movement of air and perspiration for added comfort. The overboots have buckles and go over the soldier’s boots. They are designed to protect the feet from contamination as well as water, snow, oil, mud and they are even flame resistant. JSLIST weighs less than six pounds and is available in wood or desert camouflage patterns. In uncontaminated areas the suit can be worn for up to 120 days if not washed. It can be worn for up to 24 hours in contaminated areas. JSLIST costs about $250 each. It can be stored up to 10 years and can be washed up to 6 times. Over 1.5 million suits have been produced to date. JSLIST first entered service in 1997. JSLIST comes in 11 sizes. Manufacturer’s Group Home Foundation in Belfast, ME Creative Apparel in Belfast, ME South Eastern Kentucky Rehabilitation Industries in Corbin, KY Peckham Vocational Industries in Lansing, MI

The most common types of assault and battery a nurse can be criminally Research Paper

The most common types of assault and battery a nurse can be criminally charged with - Research Paper Example The researcher opted for this research topic because it cuts across as unique when compared to most of the nursing research topics, which nursing students as well as other researchers usually study. This new study will bring fresh approach in studying about the nursing profession. Most commonly, researchers dwell on investigating about specific issues revolving nursing care. However, in respect to the increased cases of misconduct by nurses, it is of essence to carry out a study that will not only inform nurses of some of the acts that they do, which fit as assault and battery, but it will also seek to discourage such misconducts among nurses. From a student’s perspective, this research topic is important since it will enable the student to understand the clear distinction between assault and battery. Secondly, the nursing student will be able to know what acts or deeds constitute to either assault or battery. Thirdly, the nursing student will be able to know what the law says about assault and battery by nurses and the possible liability that an offending nurse can get because of his or her misconduct. To the nursing profession this research topic will help to highlight on the issue of ethical practices within the nursing profession, that is, what acts fit as ethical practices within the nursing profession, and most importantly what acts fit as unethical nursing practices. Secondly, this research topic will be significant to the nursing profession because it will highlight on the issue of accountability enshrined in nursing care. Johnstone (2009) notes that in the nursing profession, the practicing nurses have to be accountable to themselves, their patients, their employer (healthcare organization), the surrounding environment, which also includes the society and the nursing profession. In this regard, Johnstone (2010) stated that for every action that a

Ethical Problems In Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Problems In Statistics - Essay Example As users of statistical data, we ought to be on the lookout for falsehoods in statistical reports. We should look for the conscious or unconscious influence that has a tendency to distort the numbers and information. Figures may be filtered for controlling factors and thereby leading to the production of curious results. We should be aware of and look for indicators of an influenced sample. These include small samples size and biased samples. Users should try to figure out if any information is missing. The absence of supporting information that directly relates to the source is enough to suspect unreliability. It comes in the form of a correlation that does not present measures of reliability like probable error and standard deviation. Also, it can be in the form of a mentioned percentage that is not backed by its numeric base materials. We should look for the possible trends present in the totals or conclusions. These trends will usually tend to give information of one case in comp arison another whereas the cases may be not similar. For all claims made based on unproven assumption, the user should always analyze whether they make sense. Though the current trends may be established using facts, the future trends can only predict successfully using a reasonable hypothesis. Another issue of ethics is, genuine data though full virtues can be manipulated, exaggerated, and oversimplified by experts and accepted by people. This compounded by the fact that people have a tendency to trust experts.

Development Of Modern Capitalism History Essay

Development Of Modern Capitalism History Essay Weber viewed that the protestant ethic spawned encouraged the spirit of capitalism. He was it more than simply a capitalistic activity. According to him it was the essence which underlies the economic system. During the sixteenth century, this spirit embodied in the societies of the Europe provided the impetus for capitalism to emerge as the dominant economic system of the world. He saw capitalism more than simply an accumulation of wealth. It had its roots in rationality. He insisted that the capitalism was the triumph of rationality over tradition .Explicit in his views of capitalism was a disciplined labour force and the regularized investment of capital. He asserted that this combination took place only in Europe most strongly in protestant nations such as England, Holland Germany To specify the distinctive characteristics of modern capitalism in the protestant ethic, weber first of all separation off capitalistic enterprise from the pursuit of gain such as.The desire for wealth has existed desire in most times nations in itself nothing to do with capitalistic action, which involves a regular orientation to the achievement of profit through economic exchange. Capitalism thus defined in the mercantilist operations for instance has existed in various forms of society; in Babylon Ancient Egypt, China, India Europe. But only in the west capitalistic activity become associated with the rational organisation of formally free labour. By rational organisation of free labour means its routinized calculated administration with in continuously functioning enterprises. A rationalised capitalistic enterprise implies two things-a disciplined labour force the regulated investment of capital. Each contrasts profoundly with traditional types of economic activity. It is associated with an outlook of very specific kind-the continual accumulation of wealth for its own sake, rather than for the material rewards than it can serve to bring. Man is dominated by the making of money, by acquisition as the ultimate purpose of his life. Economic acquisition is no longer subordinate to man as the means of stratification of his material needs. This according to weber was the essence of the spirit of modern capitalism. The notion of calling accords to weber did not existed either in Antiquity or in Catholic theology; it was introduced by the Reformation. It refers basically to the idea that the highest form of moral obligation of the individual is to fulfil his duty in worldly affairs. This project religious behaviour into the day-day world stands in contrast to the catholic ideal of the monastic life, whose object is to transcend the demands of mundane existence.Moreover,the moral responsibility of the Protestant was cumulative i.e. the cycle of sin, repentance forgiveness, renewed throughout the life of the Catholicism was absent in Protestantism. The idea of calling was already present in Luthers doctrine but it became more rigorously developed in the various sects; Calvinism, Methodism, Pietism and Baptism .The weber was mostly concentrated on the Calvinism. Calvinism was the faith over which the great political cultural struggles of the sixteenth seventeenth centuries were fought in the most highly developed countries, the Netherland, England France. The four tenets of Calvinism were (a) God is all powerful and transcendent. One can never reach or understand God. (b)Doctrine of pre-destination: God has already preselected who will be saved and who shall be condemned. (c)Disworldly Asceticism: Do worldly things but in a balanced manner. Accumulated wealth but not to spend luxuriously. In fact re-invest. (d)The notion of calling: that all people have a calling. And to pursue this calling means doing God will. It views grace as irresistible, has a rigid doctrine of predestination, and originally had a theocratic view of the state. Calvinist doctrines look on Gods will as sovereign, and church should not be subject to the state (although it did not frown on a church dominated society). The doctrine of predestination was of utmost important, stressing the absolute sovereignty of Gods will, held that only those whom God specifically elects are saved, that this election is irresistible, and that man can do nothing to effect this salvation. Weber noted that Calvins interest was solely in God, and people existed only for the sake of God. Only a few are chosen and the rest are damned. Human merit or guilt plays no role in whether or not one is elect. This doctrine produced unprecedented inner loneliness of the single individual. (Protestant, p. 104). The individual Calvinists connection with God was carried on in deep spiritual isolation. (Protestant, p. 107) e.g. Pilgrim in Pilgrims Progress. Weber viewed this as pessimistically disillusioned type of individualism rather than the spirit of enlightenment. No one could save the individual, no priest, not the Church, no sacraments. This, the complete elimination of salvation through the Church and the sacraments was what formed the absolutely decisive difference from Catholicism. (Protestant, p. 105). Weber regards this as the logical conclusion of the elimination of magic, that is, a rational development in religion. For Calvin, people are on earth only to glorify God. The duty of the Christian was to show Gods glory in a calling. This meant doing ones daily tasks, and this often means fulfilling the job in a rational organization. The elected Christian is in the world only to increase this glory of God by fulfilling His commandments to the best of his ability. Brotherly love is expressed in the first place in the fulfilment of the daily tasks given. This makes labour in the service of impersonal social usefulness appear to promote the glory of God and hence to be willed by him. (Protestant, pp. 108-9). The Calvinist Christian was concerned with the question of whether he or she was one of the elect. Since this caused suffering on the part of the individual, two forms of pastoral advice were given. See quote 12 on predestination. First, it was an absolute duty to consider oneself chosen, and to combat all doubts as temptations of the devil, since lack of self-confidence is the result of insufficient faith, hence of imperfect grace. a duty to attain certainty of ones own election and justification in the daily struggle of life. (Protestant, p. 111). Second, in order to attain that self-confidence intense worldly activity is recommended as the most suitable means. It and it alone disperses religious doubts and gives the certainty of grace. (Protestant, p. 112). This contrasts with Lutheranism, whereby God promises grace to those who trust in God. Faith was thus identified with the type of Christian conduct which glorifies God. Works were not a means of purchasing salvation, but of getting rid of the fear of damnation. In practice this means that God helps those who help themselves. (Protestant, p. 115). But this is not done through occasional good works, or a gradual accumulation of points toward salvation, but rather in a systematic self-control which at every moment stands before the inexorable alternative, chosen or damned. (Protestant, p. 115). This means that the Christian must have a life of good works; there is no room for the very human Catholic cycle of sin, repentance, atonement, release. Of the elements in Calvinism that which seeks special attention was the doctrine of predestination-that only some human beings are chosen to be saved from damnation, the choice being predetermined by god. In its extreme inhumanity, he comments this doctrine must above all have had one consequence for the life of a generation which surrendered to its magnificent consistencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a feeling of unprecedent loneliness. From this torment, weber holds that the capitalistic spirit was born .He talked about the two developments at the pastoral level-it became obligatory to regard oneself as chosen, lack of certainty being indicative of insufficient faith; the performance of good works in worldly activity became accepted as the medium whereby such surety could be demonstrated. Success in a calling eventually came to be regarded as a sign never a means of being one of the elect. The accumulation of wealth was morally sanctioned in so far as it was combined with a sober, industrious career; wealth was condemned only if employed to support a life of idle luxury or self-indulgence. Calvinism supplied the moral energy drive of the capitalistic entrepreneur.weber speaks of its doctrine as having an iron consistency in the bleak discipline which it demands of its adherent. The elements of ascetic self-control in worldly affairs was certainly there in the other puritan sects but they lack the dynamism of calvanism.Their impact was mainly upon the formation of moral outlook enhancing labour discipline with n the lower middle levels of capitalistic economic organisation. Such as the virtues favoured by pietism were those of the faithful official, clerk, labourer or domestic worker. The protestant ethic acc. To weber traces only one side of the casual chain i.e.-the connection of the spirit of modern economic life with the rational ethics of ascetic puritanism. He specifies a number of fundamental socio-economic factors institutional bases which played major role distinguished the European experience that of India china. These included (a)The separation of productive enterprise from the household which, prior to the development of industrial capitalism was much more advanced in the west (b) the development of the Western city, with a trading structure independent of the surrounding rural areas(c) Western law, including the separation of corporate and personal property; (iv) the nation state, with a bureaucracy that could take care of necessary state activities; an organized territory under unified control of a single ruler or government, so that there was a unified framework within which commerce and capitalism could develop; (v) double entry book-keeping, al lowing business to keep track of all items and determine a balance; allowing rational calculation of all the inflows and outflows, leading to an analysis of where the profit or loss occurs, and what is the source of profit; (vi) the rational capitalistic organization of (formally) free labour. A lot of critique has been laid on the webers work said that webers characterisation of Protestantism was faulty. The major critique directed to webers treatment of the reformation, his interpretation of the puritan sects in general the Calvinism particularly. (a)It has been held that weber mistakenly supposed that Luther introduced the concept of calling which differ from anything previously available in scriptural exegesis; that Calvinistic ethics were anti-capitalistic rather than sanctioning the accumulation of wealth (b) Weber misinterpreted catholic doctrine. Critics have pointed out that weber apparently did not study Catholicism in any detail, although he talked about the difference between the Catholicism Protestantism in respect of economically relevant values. It has been held that post-medieval Catholicism involves elements positively favourable to the capitalist spirit that the Reformation was seen as a reaction against the latter rather than as a clearing ground fo r its subsequent emergence (c) The connectivity between puritanism modern capitalism was based upon unsatisfactory empirical materials. Fischer Rachfahl has echoed about this in several forms.Weber only study the numerical analysis of the economic studies of Catholics Protestants in baden,1895.They argued that webers source was mainly Anglo-Saxon claimed that research into economic development in the Rhineland, the Netherland Switzerland, in the sixteenth seventeenth centuries didnt reveal any close association between Calvinism capitalistic enterprise. One of the criticisms of Weber is that he misunderstood what Franklin was saying. In their article, In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism: Webers Misinterpretation of Franklin, Tony Dickson and Hugh McLachlan disagree with Weber that Franklin was talking about an ethic in the selection quoted above. Far from demonstrating a commitment to the spirit of capitalism and the accumulation of wealth as an end in itself and moral duty, Franklins writings is in fact evidence against the existence of such a spirit. Dickson and McLachlan point out that the title of the work from which Weber quoted is Necessary Hints to Those That Would Be Rich. They assert, This suggests that what Franklin is offering is prudential advice, rather than insisting on a moral imperative. The gist of Dicksons and McLachlans argument is that Weber misinterpreted Franklins writings as moral ends when they were simply virtues to be practiced because of the benefits they will bring to those who practice them. They deny that Franklin was preaching a Protestant work ethic and assert that all Franklin was saying was that if a person is interested in being successful in life and commerce, here are some virtues to follow. Dickson and McLachlan conclude with a clear statement of their criticism of Webers hypothesis: It seems clear that Weber misinterpreted Franklin and that the latter was not imbued with the ethos which Weber attributes to him. It is not in dispute that a methodological lifestyle is conducive to the accumulation of wealth. What is at issue concerning Webers Protestant Ethic thesis is the impetus for such a lifestyle. Webers misinterpretation of Franklin does not in itself invalidate his methodology or his Protestant Ethic thesis. Nonetheless, it does suggest a rather cavalier attitude towards evidence, particularly as the writings of Franklin are the only evidence that he presents in his original essays to demonstrate the existence of the spirit of capitalism. H. M. Robertson, in A Criticism of Max Weber and His School asserted that the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches stressed the same precepts in the 16th and 17th centuries. He states that Webers assertion that the concept of the calling was novel to Luther and Protestantism was not established in Webers writings. He supported his thesis by quoting Aquinas: There seems to be no essential difference between the doctrine of the Catholics and the Puritans on the point of the calling. Amintore Fanfani, an economic historian, shared Robertson criticism of Weber but from a different aspect. In his article Catholicism, Protestantism, and Capitalism, Fanfani disagrees with Weber concerning the role that Protestantism played in the development of a capitalist spirit in Europe. In the first paragraph, he states his argument: . . . that Europe was acquainted with capitalism before the Protestant revolt. For at least century capitalism had been an ever growing collective force. Not only isolated individuals, but whole social groups, inspired with the new spirit, struggled with a society that was not yet permeated with it. Once we have ruled out that Protestantism could have produced a phenomenon that already existed, it still remains for us to enquire whether capitalism was encouraged or opposed by Protestantism. Fanfani argued that it was not the Protestant Ethic which encouraged the growth of capitalism but the fact was that many Protestants were forced to leave Catholic countries to escape persecution which fosters in the emigrants an internationalism that is no small element in capitalist mentality. He further says that many early Protestant leaders opposed capitalism, including Luther and Calvin: Luthers conservatism in economic matters, to which his patriarchal ideas on trade and his decided aversion to interest bear witness. Even Calvin . . . condemns as unlawful all gain obtained at a neighbours expense, and the amassing of wealth. The Huguenots and Dutch Reformers also preached against various aspects of capitalism: . . . through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a continual repetition of the prohibitions of usury were issued by the synods of the Huguenots and by those of the Dutch Reformers, whose ethical code also condemned even excessive labour, as robbing time and energy fr om the service of God, and held action born of desire for gain to be a sign of madness. Fanfani agrees with Weber that capitalism flourished after the Reformation, but he parts ways with Weber as to the causes. Fanfani argues that capitalism as we know it today was born in the Italian merchant states under the religious umbrella of Catholicism, but he discounts the effect that religion of any kind had on the growth of capitalism as the major world economic system. He concludes his article by stating, The creation of a new mentality in the economic field cannot therefore be considered as the work of Protestantism, or rather of any one religion, but it is a manifestation of that general revolution of thought that characterizes the period of the Renaissance and the Reformation, by which in art, philosophy, morals, and economy, the individual emancipates . . . himself from the bonds imposed on him during the Middle Ages. Malcolm H. MacKinnon, bases his disagreements with Weber on the idea that Weber misinterpreted what the Calvinists were saying about the concept of the calling and good works. He states early on in his article, There are two fundamental theological flaws in Webers line of reasoning, flaws that mean that Calvinism did not give a divine stamp of approval to earthly toil: (1) There is no crisis of proof in the Westminster Confession of Faith, the dogmatic culmination of seventeenth-century Calvinism upon which Weber so heavily relies, and (2) in Christianity generally and Calvinism in particular, works have nothing to do with mundane activities. As soteriologically conceived in relation to salvation, works are spiritual activities that call for obedience to the Law. MacKinnon goes on to explain that Webers major failure is his misunderstanding of the Calvinist meaning of the calling. Using the Westminster Confession as his primary source, MacKinnon explains what the term calling meant to the Calvinists: There is a heavenly calling and an earthly calling or callings, the latter disqualified from making a positive contribution to our deliver ance. . . Above all else, the devout must ensure that their mundane callings in no way impede the prosecution of the greatest good of all: their heavenly calling. Believers are sanctioned to choose that employment or calling in which you may be most serviceable to God. Choose not that in which you may be most honorable in the world; but that which you may do most good and best escape sinning. MacKinnon concludes by stating that it was Webers misfortune to choose part of the Calvinist philosophy which, upon close examination, not only fails to support Webers thesis but in fact undermines it. Again, the significant point here is that temporal obligations are at best indifferent and at worst sinful; they cannot make a contribution to the realization of celestial paradise. It is a grim twist of irony that Weber would choose such a spiritually worthless vehicle to realize his causal ambitions. R. H. Tawney, Webers most famous critic, agreed with Weber that capitalism and Protestantism were connected. However, Tawney saw the connection going in the opposite direction from that which Weber postulated. Tawney, in his 1926 work, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, states that Protestantism adopted the risk-taking, profit-making ethic of capitalism, not the other way around. Tawney claims, with some good measure: There was plenty of capitalist spirit in fifteenth century Venice and Florence, or in south Germany and Flanders, for the simple reason that these areas were the greatest commercial and financial centers of the age. The development of capitalism in Holland and England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were due, not to the fact that they were Protestant powers but to large economic movements, in particular the Discoveries and the results which flowed from them. The strongest connection that Tawney saw between capitalism and Protestantism was rationality. Protestantism was a revolt against traditionalism and as such advocated rationality as an approach to life and business. Tawney proposed that the rationality inherent in capitalism became a tenet of Protestantism because rationality was diametrically opposed to the traditionalism of Catholicism. Early Protestant leaders recognized that hard work and rational organization of time were capitalist virtues which fit very nicely into the concept of living ones life in the service of God. Tawney saw the capitalist concepts of division of labor and planned accumulation as being reflected in the dogma of Protestantism which urged its followers to use ones calling on earth for the greater glory of God. According to Tawney, capitalist precepts and Protestant dogma fit hand in glove. As an historian, Tawney did not see a linear relationship between capitalism and Protestantism. He thought that Webers thesis a little too simplistic to explain historical events. History tends to be non-linear, and attempts to draw straight casual lines between events are shaky at best. As Tawney put it, The Protestant ethic, with its insistence on hard work, thrift, etc., had contributed to the rise of capitalism, but at the same time Protestantism itself was being influenced by an increasingly capitalistic society. The last critic I will cite in this paper is an economic historian, Jacob Viner, who used pre-eighteenth century Scotland as a case study to demonstrate that where Calvinism was a state religion, it tended to have a restraining rather than a freeing effect on economic development. He quotes a letter from John Keats in support of his thesis: . . . the ecclesiastical supervision of the life of the individual, which, as it was practised in the Calvinistic State Churches almost amounted to an inquisition, might even retard that liberation of individual powers which was conditioned by the rational ascetic pursuit of salvation, and in some cases actually did so. Viner points out that until well into the eighteenth century, Scotland was a desperately poor country. Contemporary commentators often remarked on the lack of economic initiative and ambition and on the general lack of enterprise and economic discipline of the population. Several of these reporters attributed Scotlands economic backwardness in large part to the deadening effect of Calvinist doctrine as forcibly applied by both Church and State. Viner quotes Henry T. Buckle who, in his 1857 treatise Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, wrote concerning the economic teachings of Scottish Calvinists in the seventeenth century as follows: To wish for more than was necessary to keep oneself alive was a sin as well as a folly and was a violation of the subjection we owe to God. That it was contrary to His desire was moreover evident from the fact that He bestowed wealth liberally upon misers and covetous men; a remarkable circumstance, which, in the opinion of Scotch divines, proved that He was no lover of riches, otherwise He would not give them to such base and sordid persons. To be poor, dirty, and hungry, to pass through life in misery, and to leave it with fear, to be plagued with boils, and sores, and diseases of every kind, to be always sighing and groaning, . . . in a word [sic], to suffer constant affliction, and to be tormented in all possible ways; to undergo these things was deemed proof of good ness, just as the contrary was a proof of evil. The opposition of Scottish Calvinism to capitalism was so well known in Europe that some English commentators such as Roger LEstrange urged English businessmen to look at the record of the Scottish Presbyterians in interfering with commerce and industry for religious reasons before supporting Cromwells cause. In conclusion, the critics of Webers Protestantism/capitalism theory have reasonable and logical criticisms. As a historian, I find the Tawney non-linear argument to be very compelling. There is no doubt that capitalism in various forms existed in Europe prior to the Reformation. The Italian merchants and the Dutch clothiers operated under a rational economic system. Double-entry bookkeeping was invented in Italy and adopted by other merchants throughout Europe. I think it is obvious that several factors were at work in Europe during the long sixteenth century, which led to the growth and dominance of capitalism. All of this taken into consideration, Webers thesis still stands. His thesis is not perfect; it has all the flaws pointed out by the above critics. However, none of the critics I have read managed to destroy the basic premise by which Weber sought to explain the growth of capitalism. Something happened in the long sixteenth century which saw an explosion of capitalist economic activity, free thought, and religious rebellion. Whether the relationship among these is causal or coincidental will be grounds for conjecture for years to come. History shows us that in fact those nations which were predominantly Protestant showed economic growth much greater than those which were predominantly Catholic. Even Jacob Viners argument that the repressive nature of Scottish Calvinism does not damage Weber, since he acknowledged that once a religion becomes a creature of the state it then tends to oppress people rather than free them.

Literacy Essay Essay

For as long as I can remember literature has always played an important role in my life. As a young child, I can remember how excited I’d be at story time each night before bed. My interest in literature carried on throughout my school years†¦ from kindergarten†¦ when I was placed in the red bird group, which was the group of strongest readers†¦. to high school†¦when I had the benefit of being taught by one of the best English teachers ever, Ms. Irena King. Now as an adult and professional, I am very appreciative of the literary foundation that was laid for me by my family and my teachers. I understand how important literacy is in everyday life. First, as a young child, literacy played a very important role in my life even before I could read. I was always fond of books of all kinds. Coloring books, magazines, and picture books†¦I loved them all. I remember each trip to the grocery store; I would always get a new â€Å"Little Golden Book†. I absolutely had to have the entire collection and would want them read to me each night before bed. My favorite of this collection was â€Å"The Gingerbread Man†. I would sit for hours and look at the pictures. My mother would often encourage me to keep an interest in books. She always kept a subscription of â€Å"Highlights Magazine† for me and I would watch the mail each day in hopes that a new issue had arrived. As I grew older, my love for books did not change, but the type of books I wanted did. I had the largest collection of â€Å"Sweet Valley High† books and was a faithful subscriber to â€Å"Fresh Magazine†. I think that these are some of my fondest memories from my childhood, and I am so appreciative of my family’s support of my passion for reading. Next, my interest for literature carried on from my early years to my school years. This was very evident when I started kindergarten. I vividly remember there were different groups within our kindergarten class.

Use Of Calcium Channel Blockers And Parkinson s Disease19

Use of Calcium Channel Blockers and Parkinson’s Disease19 The Pasternak et al publication was a Danish study that investigated the correlation between PD and CCB use via a retrospective cohort study using the Danish Civil Registration System, with an Oxford 2b level of evidence. The primary goal of this study was to determine if the incidence rate of PD in new users of DHPs differed significantly from those non-users, when studying the Danish population ≠¥45 years of age between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2006. Researchers also hoped to evaluate PD rates among specific DHPs, non-DHP CCBs, as well as rates of dementia and death among patients on CCBs. Patients were excluded from the study if they had used a CCB within 2 years prior to the study, or had pre-existing PD or PD-related dementia at the study onset. Patients use of CCBs was stratified as: use (filling at least two consecutive prescriptions), past use, or 1 time use. PD diagnosis during the study was defined as those individuals who had at least one hospital diagnosti c code for PD in addition to receiving at least one prescription for antiparkinson dopaminergic therapy. Raw data was adjusted to account for sex, age, calendar year, and concomitant medication use. Propensity scores were calculated because researchers felt that baseline differences (comorbidities, concurrent medications, hospitalizations, socioeconomics, and geographic location). Logistic regression was used to determine these scores, which

The Library of Congress - 2972 Words

bHISTORY/bbrThe Library of congress was established by an act of congress on April 24, 1800. It was originally housed in the United States capitol. The collection, which stared out small at 740 volumes, slowly increased to over 3,000 volumes by 1814. That year, though, the British along with the capitol burned those books during the assault on Washington.brbrTo rapidly replace the collection, Thomas Jefferson offered his personal library to congress at no cost, describing the nature of his books like so: I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from the collections; there is, in fact, no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer. This changed the†¦show more content†¦He recommended an individual structure and, in 1872 proposed a scheme to Congress for such a building. In 1875, he told the Congress that the Library had worn out all shelf space and that books are now, from sheer force of necessity, bei ng piled on the floor in all directions. Unless Congress obtained rapid action on the question of a separate structure its Librarian would soon be placed in the unhappy predicament of presiding over the greatest chaos in America.brbrThe first separate Library of Congress Building, the Jefferson Building, was suggested by Librarian of Congress Ainsworth Rand Spofford in 1871, authorized in 1886, and completed in 1897. When its doors were opened to the public on November 1, 1897, it represented a supreme nationwide accomplishment: its 23-carat gold-plated dome capped the largest, costliest, and safest library structure in the world. Its highly decked out front wall and center, for which more than forty American artists and sculptors could outshine European libraries in magnificence and loyalty to classical civilization. A modern guidebook bragged: America is justly proud of this gorgeous and palatial monument to its National sympathy and appreciation of Literature, Science, and Art. I t has been designed and executed entirely by American art and American labor (and is) a fitting tribute for the great thoughts of generations past, present, and to be. 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