Law of obligation learning portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of obligation learning portfolio - Essay Example 1996). The law of obligation under the Roman law was expressed in the form of contracts. There were different forms of contract which were all incorporated with religious elements due to the fact that Roman law evolved through and under the college of pontiffs and priestly caste. Jus jurandnm was the most solemn of all oaths, and should the one who made the promise fail to perform his duty, he will be then in danger of receiving penalty in the form of excommunication. The less harsh of these oaths was the sponsio on which the promisor would pour out the libation of wine while calling upon gods to witness upon his promise. Over time the religious elements have gone and the power of the State prevailed, this has become the formal stipulatio which was done in formal question and answer. The earliest Roman contract now was formed called the nexum. It was done by means of money and scale, in the presence of five witnesses and librepens who held the official scale. The transaction will take plac e by means of symbolic sale, on which during this moment there will be a dialogue between the promisor and the promisee. Without these symbolisms the contract will be regarded as void. This was a loan and the debtor was in serious consequences should he fail to follow through his debt (Page W.H. 1919). A formal contract then became part of Roman law where one party would perform a specific action and the other party would be expected to fulfill an obligation. These actions should well up from the mutual intention of both parties to enter into an agreement. There were four forms of these contracts: (1) the mutuum which means a transfer of property to the debtor to be repaid by the debtor in kind to the creditor (2) the commodatum which was a gratuitous loan, (3) the depositum which was the transfer of property for the purpose of gratuitous safekeeping and last (4) the pignus or pledge, this was done by transferring a property by the debtor to

Sustainable Resources Are the Only Way forward Essay

Sustainable Resources Are the Only Way forward - Essay Example The Island was a landmark of God's magnificence but due to large deforestation by local inhabitants and changes in climatic patterns causing rains to stop resulted in forests being wiped off from the island's face. The inhabitants thus had nothing to feed on and in the end, they started feeding on other humans. Thus man became an animal. The present deforestation in the Amazon is leading a path to a similar future because at the current rate it is predicted that in a couple of decades the forest will reduce by 40% in size. This will cause a dramatic shift in the carbon-absorbing pattern of the area and consequently, the temperatures there will rise to make it harder for the rest of the 60% of the remaining forest to survive (Wright & Nebel, 2007). The decline will, therefore, be at an exponential rate consequently resulting in the elimination of the Amazon from the face of the earth. The fact that government laws allow such developments to take place is most alarming. It is legally allowed to clear the forest by any means if the intention is to grow crops (soybeans in this case) and this results in the ownership of the land furthermore, cleared land is worth more and forested land so owners who wish to keep their property in good value, do not let the forest reclaim ‘their’ place naturally. This shows a sense of heightened selfishness in the local population of Brazil. Clearly, the concept of alternative resources is not a very popular practice and the locals are bent upon destroying the forest without being aware of the disastrous consequences just like the old tribes of Easter Island.

Production Capacity of Jersey Cows

Production Capacity of Jersey Cows The aim of this study to look up at production capacity of Jersey cows in Malaysia including environment factors effecting milk production Jersey cows. This study to estimated production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833 °T and latitude 2.8167 °U in closed house system with temperature 24 °C. The milk production of Jersey cows not only referring to genetic makeup but also another environment factors must be consider. The patent climate in Malaysia is hot and humid and Malaysia in tropical region because of this kind of climate the performance Jersey cows not equivalent as Jersey cows performance at temperate country. A good and practical farm management effluence performance of Jersey cows, if a good farm management practice not seriously consider it effect performance Jersey cows milk yield decreases or cannot reach as usual. Because of differences between Malaysia climate and temperate country resulting Jersey cows performance an d milk production. Data collecting from farm record which is Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) corporation. Data collecting including milk production milk yield, lacataion length, dry off period, animal identification and date of giving birth. In this study, research done in the area on milk production was reviewed. Constraints to increase production were summarized and proposals are made for the sustainable development of the dairy sector in Malaysia. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Malaysias Geography Malaysia in the south east part of Asia has a geographic coordinate that reads 2 ° 30 north latitude and 112 ° 30 east longitude. Malaysia country classified as hot and high humid climate and has tropical weather influenced by monsoonal climate because of its latitude and longitude. But the weather in general in Malaysia is without extremities. Monsoon comes twice a year, during the summer season and the other during winter. Summer monsoon brings lots of downpour in Malaysia. Winter monsoon does not cause that much rain and is generally dry. 1.2 Malaysia Self-Sufficiency In Malaysia agriculture history, Malaysia produce milk product at insufficient level and cannot supporting demand from consumer because this may attributed to poor production local dairy animals. The demand for milk from consumers increased each year. In last decade, Malaysia almost depends on milk importation from other countries to fulfill the demands from consumers, about 95% is imported. The statistics from the Department Veterinary of Services in year 2008 for milk product in Malaysia recorded 56.49 million liters of milk was produced in that year and the self-sufficiency in livestock recorded 4.89%. In year 2010, the government target output of milk is 65 million liters and at least 10% self-sufficiency. Malaysia Dairy Industries The cattle population in Malaysia home 900,000 cattle and the large population at northern state of Kelantan 141,502 of cattle and in the southern state of Johor 111,000 of cattle. From the total population only 4% are dairy cattle (DVS, 2008). The total dairy farmer in Malaysia categorize to three structure; smallholder, semi-commercial and commercial. Dairy farm at smallholder level in Malaysia is recorded 519 and has least than 30 number of breeder (DVS, 2008). Meanwhile, 32 semi-commercial dairy farm levels have recorded and have 30 to 50 numbers of breeders (DVS, 2008). The commercial level dairy farms were recorded 28 of them and have more than 50 numbers of breeders (DVS, 2008). Reported milk yield of Malaysia 2631.3 kg per year (DVS, 2008) compared from central of Thailand produced yield from Malaysia that is 3500 kg per year (Kasetsart J, 2009). 1.4 Fact of Jersey Cows The term production indicates something going to be produced or an output product. Meanwhile, capacity is describing the total amount of production at maximum or optimum level. Production capacity of Jersey cow can be measured from the total amount of milk yield. In dairy cattle, Jersey is one of the popular breeds. The origin Jersey cows are from the small British Island of Jersey in the English Channel. A Jersey also known as Alderney cattle at island of Jersey. The colour of Jersey varies, usually light gray to a dark fawn, being darker around the head and hips. Jerseys are noted for the highest milk fat of all dairy breeds. The body of Jersey is at medium ranking categories. An average weight excellent Jersey cows is around 408 to 544 kg. The milk yields of Jersey cow be able to categorize under intermediate milk producer can reach up to 13 times from their own body weight in milk. 1.5 Factor Affecting Production Capacity of Jersey Cows There are two major factors which can influence production of dairy cows, the main quantitative factor is genetics of the breed and the second qualitative factor is environmental. Under normal situations, milk production increasing during the first six week of lactation and then gradually decreases. Breed of cow effluence milk yield, in North America Holstein cow has the highest volume of milk production and total production 7073 kg per year and Jersey cows 4444 kg per year. A dry off period usually practices for two months to the next calving. Milk yield usually reduced when dry period is less than 40-60 days (25-40% less milk). Meanwhile, dry period longer than 60 days in length does not result in a significant increase in milk production. For effective management is accurate quantitative knowledge of factors affecting productive performance of animal (Bagnato and Oltenacu, 1994). The actual amount of milk production affected by several factors of parity, geographic region and mana gement factors. The environment factor is in terms of nutrition intake of cows in the feed ration. Stage of lactation and persistency can be determined by different stages of lactation phase. Management factors consider as feed and water supply the cows consume, insufficient water supply for few hours will result in a rapid drop in milk yield. Milking intervals practices at farm may result milk production. An unequal milking interval produces less milk than those milked at equal intervals. Milking frequency twice a day yields at 40% more milk than once a day. 1.6 Objectives Information on production capacity Jersey cows in Malaysia is still unpublished therefore the present of study was designated by following objective: To measure production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833 °T and latitude 2.8167 °U in closed house system with temperature 24 °C is . Study various environmental factors affecting performance of Jersey cows in Malaysia Adaptability of Jersey cows in Malaysia climate CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A research regarding Jersey cows performance has been conducted in various part of the world. There are two major factor affecting milk productions in dairy cattle. First are quantitative factors referring to genetic of dairy breed and the second is qualitative factors referring to environmental factors such as nutrition, stage of lactation and persistency, milking practices, age and size of cow, dry period, estrous cycle and pregnancy, environment. An environmental factor has been stated are known to exert influence on the performance dairy cattle (Javed et al, 2000). A study of factors affecting milk yield in dairy cattle has conducted many people for many years and until now. For next paragraph is the review of studies regarding factors affecting milk yield from various part of the world. These reviews are indicated large differences in performance different of breed in different environment. These variations may be either due to breed, herd, location and environmental differences. 2.1 QUANTATIVE FACTORS 2.1.1 Genetics Differences of dairy breed may reflex on different of milk yield. Comparison between two breed dairy cattle Holstein and Jersey, Holstein has ability to produce more milk higher than Jersey breed. The review of literature revealed that lactation milk yield in Holstein cows can produce up to 5,902 kg and Jersey cows 3,797kg (Gacula et al, 1968). The fat contain in milk composition of Jersey cow is higher than Holstein cows also higher than others dairy breed. Fat percentage in milk composition of Jersey cows is 5.01% and Holstein 3.35% (Sharma et al, 1988). Jerseys had the highest fat content, followed by Guernseys, Brown Swiss, Ayrshires, and Holsteins (Gacula et al, 1968). 2.2 QUALITATIVE FACTORS 2.2.1 Nutrition A nutrient value content for dairy performance in dry matter intake is 89.5%, crude protein 16.6%, crude fiber 10.1%, energy expenditure 3.8%, ash 6.1%, nitrogen free extract 63.4%, total digestible nutrients 72.8%, metabolism energy 11.10%, calcium 0.77% and 0.66% of phosphorus (DVS, 2000). The recommended rates of concentrate feeding for lactating cows from department of veterinary services ministry of agriculture Malaysia suggest for uniformity a concentrate feeding is assumed to be a mixture of feed materials containing a minimum of 15% crude protein, 10.6 MJ/kg metabolize energy, 0.60% calcium, 0.4% phosphorus and 1.0% salt show at table 2.2.1, appendix. Knowledge of feed quality and intake, the extent of cows nutrient reserves that can be used to support milk production can now estimated (Alderman and Corttrill, 1993) Several nutritional factors can influence milk composition. These include plane of nutrition or underfeeding affect milk composition. Under feeding dairy cows can reduces lactose percentage and increasing milk fat percentage. Negative energy balance increasing milk fat Imbalance rations on animal feed (low energy and protein) resulting milk fat decrease and protein percentages (Petersen et al, 1986). Effects on ISO (isometric) on milk fat can probably explain by two factors. First, primiparous cows of high groups of lost substantial body weight during lactation induce negative energy balance and second factors high: moderate of groups produce less milk content higher milk fat because milk production and milk fat are negatively correlated (Pierre et al, 2003). As the proportion of the concentrate in ration increases above 50-60% milk fat percentage tends to decline. These conditions happen because of lower ruminal production of acetate and butyrate (function to synthesis milk fatty acid in mammary gland) associated with high concentration diets in feeding rations. A feeding system may effect on mammary gland health have been studies recently (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). Furthermore, there are interactions between breed and feeding system in dairy cattle may contributed mammary gland health status and milking characteristics (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). A grass feeding system and different level of concentrate offered to animals, (Turner et al., 2003; McCarthy et al., 2007) not effecting lactation stage and somatic cell count. A grazing system applied on dairy cattle (McCarthy et al., 2007), with high concentrate diet have influence average milk flow and milk duration. The extent of lactation period of milk depression is subjective by other feedi ng regime such as rate of feeding and feeding system. In wide-ranging, the impact of feeding high levels of concentrates on milk fat percentage will be less where total mix rations are fed and if feed is offered three or more times daily. There are about 30 nutrients essential for dairy cattle performance, maintenance, reproduction, growth, and lactation. The good quality of feedstuff in ration is to make sure the animal get enough supply for those 30 nutrients, lacking with nutrient in feed can corrected in giving additional supplement to animal. With intensive herd management, deficient nutrients such as those providing energy, protein, minerals or vitamins can be supplied by forage and supplements of adequate quality to produce acceptable gains in milk yield and weight gain (National Research Council, 1971; Bath  et al.,  1978; Ranjhan, 1981). Miller and Dickinson (1968) and Miller (1969) in their studies has found that management practices related to feeding, particularly amounts of concentrate, and reproductive efficiency (percentage days in milk) have the greatest value in predicting herd average milk production and are the most important characteristics common to higher producing herds. McCullough (1969), V erità © and Journet (1971), Ekern and Sundstol (1974), Ekern, Save and Vik-Mo (1975) and Wilkinson (1983) have also shown that intensive feeding of ensiled forages and hay, containing appropriate grain and protein requirements and fed free choice, increases and/or maintains milk production at a higher level by providing the opportunity for animals to be fed the conserved products with minimal loss of nutrients during periods of inadequate forage supplies. 2.2.2 Stage of Lactation and Persistency The animals become profitable when the animal can produce milk at maximum level of lifetime. An earlier selection of animals for their productivity should lead to maximum output in total lifetime (Murdia and Tripathi, 1993). Milk production increases with lactation number and is maximized in the fourth or the fifth lactation. According to Walsh et al, (2007) reported all breed reached average milk flow at week fifth to eight lactation, followed by a gradual decline until lowest point average milk flow at the end of lactation. This is result of the increasing development and size of the udder and the increasing body size over that of the first lactation dairy animal. The expected mature yield (mature equivalent) of primiparous cow calving at two years of age can be estimated by multiplying yield of first lactation by 1.3. Persistency of lactation refers to the ability of the cow to maintain production after peak milk yield; persistent cows consider when the cow tends to maintain their peak yield within a lactation period (Togashi and Lin, 2003; Kamidi, 2005). The cost of the production system can reduce if practice persistency of lactation these is associated with feeding and health costs, reproductive performance, resistance to diseases and the return from milk considering a 305 days production cycle (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987; Dekkers  et al., 1996, 1998). Persistent animals require less energy in early lactation, allowing greater utilization of cheap roughage (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987). All farmer desires their animal given profit in return, according to Dekkers et al. (1997) dairy cow with greater lactation persistency tend to be more profitable than average dairy cows when yield and lactation persistency are correlated, even though the differences are relatively small unless reproductive performan ce is very poor. Other studies however have identified a greater difference in production between once and twice daily herds during late lactation than in early lactation (Claesson et al., 1959), indicating that the persistency of cows milked once daily is less than that of cows milked twice daily. Muir et al. (2004) reported favorable relationships among lactation persistency and some measures of fertility and poor relationships with others (e.g., calving interval). Appuhamy et al. (2007, 2009) reported that diseases tend to significantly affect lactation persistency, rather than persistency affecting disease occurrence, and that there are undesirable genetic correlations among persistency of milk and fat yields and several metabolic diseases. Harder et al. (2006) also reported unfavorable genetic correlations among persistency and metabolic diseases. Lactation persistency as defined by Cole and Van- Raden (2006) is useful as a measure of the shape of the lactation curve independen t of 305-d yield. The results of Jamrozik et al. (1998) and van der Linde et al. (2000) suggest that lactation curves and persistency differ between lactations, and differences probably exist between early- and late-maturing breeds. This was confirmed by Cole et al. (2009), who estimated lactation curves for first and later parities in 6 breeds of dairy cattle and found that parameters describing the shapes of the curves can vary considerably. 2.2.3 Milking practices Milking Jersey cows three times daily results in an average increase. The increase in yield due to milking three times daily varies greatly with the producing ability of the animal on twice a day milking and is inversely proportional to such ability. High producing cows show a smaller increase in yield when milked three times daily than do cows with a lower inherited producing ability. Milking heifers three times daily on test results in a slightly greater development than when the initial records are made on twice a day milking of approximately 19 per cent in butterfat and 21 per cent in milk yield. In addition, positive correlations have been reported between milk yield and MD (Petersen et al, 1986; Weiss et al., 2004). Similarly, results from this study indicate positive correlations for milk yield with average milk flow and milk duration suggest that these correlations differ depending on breed. 2.2.4 Dry period Dry period is non-lactating days between lactations. This non lactation time is generally a 5 to 6 weeks rest period before freshening. The duration of dairy cattle stop from lactating. This duration is needed for regression of mammary gland. During this period, mammary gland starts to repair or develop back imbalance tissues to normal. To induce this process of repairing a special treatment is applied to cow called dry cows therapy. The dry cows therapy is a treatment for controlling bovine mastitis from intact to mammary gland. Usually the recommended dry period practices for about 45-50 days. A practices dry period is less than 40 days, can effect on decreasing of next lactation (Swanson 1965; Coppock et al. 1974; Dias and Allaire, 1982). According to Capuco et al. (1997) the cows given 60 days dry period can increasing mammary DNA synthesis begin occurring about 2.2.6 Calving Interval and Parity Breeding efficiency can be measured by looking to calving interval and age at first calving, although they are not the only measures of herd performance. Speicher and Meadows (1967) have suggested the correct calving interval is 12 months (365 days), the longer calving interval more than 12 months can lose the profit in overdue of feed cost. McDowell (1971) considers the following factors adequate for successful dairying: a calving interval between lactations of less than 450 days; an excess of 200 days in lactation; less than 30 percent female mortality; and proper management. According to Murdia and Tripathi, 1993 a good calving interval for cows at range of 360 to 390 day (12 month to 13 month), if the calving interval shorten than 360 days it can give impact on milk production decline 3.7 to 9 percent in lactation length. If the condition vice versa having longer calving interval more than 450 days (15 months) it will increasing milk yield production for 3.5 per cent. Although, the longer calving interval more 15 months increased milk production this situation may reflect on farmer profit because the milk has been produced not equivalent to feed has been giving to the cows. A study from I.R. Bajwa et al, 2004 the effect of average lactation length on parity is decreased begin at parity 4th and 5th, after parities 5th the milk yield and lactation length start to increased back until parties 8. Both breed and parity effects have been shown to exist on lactation curves (e.g. Wood, 1980; Collins-Lusweti, 1991; Friggens et al., 1999; Rekaya et al., 2001) and can now easily be included as fixed factors in test-day models and other linear models that incorporate time trends (Van der Werf et al., 1998; Macciotta et al., 2005). 2.2.7 Environment Results to characterize effects of climate on milk production are important for commercial milk production, perhaps particularly under circumstances where climate is a limiting factor (Sharma et al, 1988). Major benefits of shade management on milk yield appear to be related to indirect effects such as feed intake and digestive tract performance rather than direct effects on ability of the mammary gland to synthesize milk (Collier et al, 1981). Cows calving from November through March yielded more milk and fat than cows that calved in July and August. These results are similar to those reported by Blanehard etal. (3), Frick et al. (6), Gaunt et al. (7), and Wunder and McGilliard (22). Seasonal variation in animal performance in tropics is expected to be primarily a manifestation of variation in feed quality and quantity (Javed et al., 2000). The animals of temperate regions maintained in tropical conditions cannot behave similarly in both the environments (Javed et al., 2002). This i ndicated that the animals of temperate zone did not adapt to the harsh environments of tropics and could not perform satisfactorily (Javed et al., 2004). CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Source of Data The data on 233 performance records of 170 Jersey heifers, five bulls for natural mating purpose and 58 are in calves stages during the period of 2007 through 2009 were utilized for present study. All Jersey breed at this farm are pure and imported from Australia. After editing 3.2 Background and Location of Farm The data sources are from farm dairy at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833 °T and latitude 2.8167 °U in closed house system with temperature 24 °C. The sources of data are from Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd. The Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd was established under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) Corporation Sdn Bhd in May 2006. At beginning farm opening, 300 Jersey animals were imported from Australia. This farm not only focusing on dairy animal but also doing multiple ranches including feedlot cattle, dual purpose goat Shami breed. 3.3 General Management and Feeding Practice This farm practices cut and carry feeding (Guinea and Napier grass) system 40kg/head and concentrate 5-10kg/ head. This farm practices machine milking two daily routine, first at 7.00am and 4.00pm at evening. The entire animal at this farm are under intensive system. After milking process, the animal allow to free-range at paddock from 9.30 am until 10.00am. In this farm consist with two animal barns, barn A and barn B. Inside barn B; it completely closed house system provided with cooling pad and seven fans for cooling purpose. At this farm, they practices animal bedding using sand. 3.4 Data Record Extraction and Editing The following data will be collected: animal identification, date of calving, lactation milk yield, lactation length, lactation stage, parity, dry period, calving interval and nutrition value on concentrate feed. Following performance traits will be recorded/analysis and utilized in the present study. The data analyzed starting from year 2007 until 2009. 3.4.1 Lactation Milk Yield and Milk Yield per Day Total milk produced during a given lactation which terminated normally was considered as lactation milk yield. Lactation milk yield Effects of lactation length; calving interval and service period on lactation milk yield also estimated. Two lactation milk yields was grouped to three classes, this is because the farm newly established for about four years. The mean value, average and standard deviation is counted for lactation milk yield and milk yield per day beginning from 2007 until 2009. 3.4.2 Lactation Length Lactation period each cows is counted start from calving until the cows has dried up. Each of lactation length of cows is counting on average and mean value. The length of lactation period depends on production level and open period of each cow. 3.4.3 Lactation Stage In analyzed the data lactation stage has categorized to three sub classes the three sub class are 1 early lactation stage between 14 to 100 days, 2 mid lactation stage between 100 to 200 days and 3 late lactation stage between 200-350 days. The data regarding from 2007 to 2009 record farm keeping. 3.4.4 Parity The date of calving from first calving at years 2007 until 2009 is record for analyzing the data. Parity if a one major factors effect on lactation milk yield. More parity indicated lower of milk yield in dairy cattle especially in parities 4th and 5th (I.R Bajwa, 2004). The parities are divided into three group first is one for first parity, second is two for second parity and third is three for third parity. 3.4.5 Dry Period The right and proper management of dry period is one of keywords to make sure the milk production can stand in a high amount production. The data regarding dry period is going to make three sub class 1 dry period for 0 to 40days, 2 dry period 40 to 70 days and 3 dry period above 70 days. 3.4.6 Calving Interval The data from date of parturition is used for calculating calving interval, the means, standard deviation and standard error are applied to summarize the data. Because of the cows only have three parities, the calving interval is calculated based on first parities and second parities. The calving interval is divided into four categories that is zero represented for no calving interval, one is below than 360days, two for calving interval at range 360 to 390days and three is above 390. 3.4.7 Nutrition Value on Concentrate feed Proximate analysis of concentrate feed from the farm record is taking up for comparing the nutrition value concentrate feed at farm with recommended nutrient requirements for dairy cattle in different lactation stage. Nutrition is a factors effecting milk production of dairy animal. In different year the nutrition value is different in each year. The lactating ration and the basal ration nutrition value are taking up for comparison on effecting milk yield. 3.5 Data Analysis Analyzing data with unequal parameters and disproportionate sub class analyzed using statistical analysis software SAS 9.0. The data will be analyzed using SAS software with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The two independent variables in ANOVA are called factors, the factors are genetic and environment which can influence milk yield of Jersey cows. Mean values of several factors effecting on milk production capacity of Jersey cows were analyzed on analysis of variance (ANOVA): Production Capacity Based on Year 2007-2009 relating nutrient value on concentrated feed. Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis performance groups of Jersey cows productivity from 2007-2009 in various responses factors is interpret. 4.1 Production Capacity Patterns 4.1.1 Production Capacity Based on Year 2007-2009 Relating with Nutrient Value on Concentrated Feed Calculating mean of milk yields begin from year 2007 to 2009 for 126 milking cows was 906.15 ±63.32 liters with a coefficient of variation 78.4%. The highest yield was 949.91 liters at year 2009. In year 2007, the mean milk yield is 615.46  ±85.23liters with coefficient variations 57%. In the next year 2008 the mean milk yield is 953.27 ±99.44liters with coefficient variations 74%. In year 2009 the mean milk yield is 949.91 ±101.84 with coefficient variations 81.4%. The mean lactation length of all cows was 166 ±7.71days, with a coefficient variation 52.2%. For year 2007 it was 166 ±13.19days of lactation length with coefficient variations 32.8%. In year 2008 the mean lactation length is 165 ±12.57days with 54.4% coefficient variations. In year 2009 the mean lactation length is 167 ±12.13days with 55.3% coefficient variations. The milk production and lactation days based on year are shown in table 4.1.1(a) and fig 4.1.1(a). The analysis of variance on milk yield based on nutrient value of year has no significant different effect (P1.66). Nutrient value may effect on milk yield (liters), in nutrient value based on year one the NFE amount around 43-38%, for year two the amount of NFE is around 52-49% and third year the amount of NFE in range 48-52%. The requirement of nitrogen free extracts (NFE) not enough for supporting milk production as recommended value is 63.4% NFE. In year 2007-2008 the amount of total digestible nutrient (TDN) is in rage 56-68% only and it not enough for supporting milk production as recommended amount 72.8%. In year 2007-2009 value of metabolisms energy is sufficient for supporting milk yield because the recommended amount of metabolism energy in ration must be 11.10%. 4.1.2 Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval. Number of 30 heads milking cow have been observed on the means milk yield (liters) of cows in parities one is 1219.51 ±126.17 with coefficient variance 56.7% and means value for second parities is 1403.22 ±101.02 with 26.9% of coefficient variance in fourteen cows been milking. The third parities for means value of milk yield is 1153.74 ±162.08 liters with 34.4% with six heads milking cows. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on factor effecting milk yield on parity one, parity two and parity three are significantly different (P Lactation stage are divided to three sub classes, the sub classes are lactation stage one considering as early lactation for 14-100days, second lactation stage is a mid lactation in range of 100-200days and third lactation stage with range of days 200-305days. The mean value for lactation stage one is 160 ± 251.29 with coefficient variance 14.4%. In second lactation stage the mean value is 777.10 ± 92.04 with coefficient variance 45.87%. The third lactation stage the men value is 1550.80 ± 77.91 with coefficient variance 28.86%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is lactation stage one, two and three have significantly (P Mean value in first dry period is 2266.42 ± 221.66 with coefficient variance 19.56% and second dry period on mean value 1362.10 ± 163.19 with coefficient variance 23.96%. The last, third dry period on mean value is 1158.10 ± 81.58 with coefficient variance 45.65%. The number one, two and three is representing on 1 for 0 to 40days, 2 for 40 to 70days and 3 for above 70days dry period. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in dry period are significantly (P The mean value for calving interval on zero is 1229.70 ± 130.17 with 57% and second calving interval the mean value is 1605.20 ± 76.88 with coefficient variance 6.8%. The third calving interval is 1300.30 ± 129.46 of mean value and 29.86% of coefficient variance. The calving interval in one and three have not significantly (P Relating all factor effect on milk yield from analysis of variance they are significant between lactation stage and dry period (P CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION After al

The Roswell Incident :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people of the world have always had a mysterious belief that Earth wasn't the only planet in the universe that supported life. This belief dates back to ancient times when heavenly and demonic stories were told of gods who strode across the skies on their golden chariots. Tales as far fetched as Zeus who threw lightening bolts from his fingertips to stories as credible as the American Indian's Cachinas, who supposedly taught them to farm and saved them from numerous disasters. The Egyptians, who built their mammoth pyramids with only the use of man power, used hieroglyphics. These same hieroglyphics have been unofficially documented as being similar to symbols found on unidentified aircraft wreckage found in several incidences over the past fifty years (Montgomery 225-32, 236-37). Are these stories all mere coincidence? Some researchers think not and have continued to unveil new evidence that is believably true. Recently, new facts have been brought up on the most documented UFO (unidentified flying object) sighting of all time: the Roswell Incident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roswell Incident is a UFO crash that occurred at 11:30 p.m. on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico (Randal 10). Mac Brazel, a local New Mexico rancher, discovered a considerable amount of unusual debris while riding out on horseback early in the morning to check his sheep after a night of intense thunderstorms. He reported to Sheriff George Wilcox after driving into Roswell, that the aircraft had created a shallow gouge several hundred feet long and was scattered over a large area. Sheriff Wilcox then notified authorities at the Roswell Army Air Field and with the assistance of his deputies, proceeded to investigate the matter. Shortly after the 509th Bomb Group arrived from their station 35 miles away (Walker 38), they closed off the area for a number of days and retrieved the wreckage. The debris was initially taken to Roswell Army Air Field and eventually flown to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio (Jeffrey). Before the military could intervene, the event had already been witnessed by more than one-hundred people. Local police, fire squad, and curious members of the Roswell community make up these people. A lot of them were part of the initial recovery team and are now telling their stories that have been bottled up for nearly a half of a century (Randal 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to one unnamed witness of the Roswell recovery team,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The crash site was littered with pieces of the aircraft. Something about the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  size of a fighter plane had crashed, the metal was unlike anything I'd ever seen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  before. I picked up a piece the size of a car fender with one hand, it couldn't have

I.C.T In Our Society Essay

This report is about how ICT has affected us as a society. For example, for entertainment purposes like games consoles, communication purposes such as mobile phones, storage purposes such as storing music on a CD or for social purposes such as email. E-mail The first thing I will look at will be email. With email you can quickly talk to friends, work colleagues, basically anyone who has an email address. I have two email accounts, one at home provided by hotmail, which is useful because I can log-on to it anywhere via the Internet. I also have one at school provided by Solihull L.E.A, which I can only access at school; both have a unique log-on I.D and password. With my personal account (hotmail) I can choose a unique login I.D and password when I register, providing it ends with @hotmail.com. With my school account I can only choose the password. As a student my school account is free and I get absolutely no junk mail thanks to the junk-mail filter and I can receive emails from anyone. The L.E.A also scans every email for anything suspicious such as files containing viruses; if one of these are found then the L.E.A will not let the email through. Email is useful and easy and is an efficient way to contact my friends and relatives. If I want to get in touch with several people in one email I simply put a semi-colon in between each persons email address. If I want to get in touch with several people, email is one of the easiest ways to do so. I can set up an address book which means I could email everyone in that address book at once, also by setting up an address book I don’t have to remember everyone’s email address and it helps me stop making mistakes. Workers in offices usually have email accounts open all day, which means if they receive an email the response time is very quick. The problem with email is that if the inbox becomes full I couldn’t receive any more emails until I had deleted some of my old ones. Pictures take up a lot of space and some pictures can be too big to send in the first place. Say for instance I had done a word document in history on Hitler and the Nazis, I may want to carry on with it at home but when I come to send it, I can’t because I have too many pictures on there that take up space. Also if someone doesn’t have broadband than it could take a long time to attach a document or presentation to an email and even with broadband it could take a long time depending on the size of the file. A good thing about most email accounts is that they are free but then I get a lot of adverts and pop-ups. If email companies are going to give people free email then they need to get the money from somewhere to make sure they can afford the payment of the site, this is where the adverts and pop-ups come in, other companies pay companies such as ‘hotmail’ to put their adverts and pop-ups on their websites hence ‘hotmail’ can pay for the upkeep of the site. I can set up a filter on my email account so that I only receive emails from people in my address book. The problem is though that before I can receive emails from someone I need to add them to my address book and if someone changes their email I need to edit my address book. The alternatives to email are fax, which can be quick but can cost a lot of money, or text that is quick so long as the other person has their phone on; you also need signal and credit, which can be a problem. Both can be useful if email is not available, but when compared to the quickness and the fact that email is basically free, email is the best thing to use. To conclude, email is useful to communicate with people no matter where they are in the world mostly free of cost, which means it can be better than a mobile phone or fax but due to the time difference between countries, there is no guarantee that they will receive the email in the time you need them to see it. Entertainment The next thing I will look at will be the entertainment side of ICT and for this I will look at games consoles. There is a lot of competition at the moment between the PS2 made by Sony, the Gamecube made by Nintendo and the Xbox made by Microsoft. People use games consoles for 3 main purposes; the first is single player use where the player simply plays the game on their own trying to complete the game. The second is multiplayer use where two or more people can play on one console and either try to complete the game cooperatively or go against each other in different game types. The third is online play, which has only recently taken off since broadband became so popular. At the moment there is no prospect for online play on the Gamecube but Xbox and PS2 have successful online play. Players who want to play online need broadband to play because dial-up can’t handle the speed that is required. The Xbox online play is called Xbox Live and players make an account for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 a year and can make a list of friends and whenever their friends are online they can join them and play with them. The problem is that if two friends want to play together they both need the same game and both need to be online. Also, if broadba nd is not available then people can’t play online. I use an Xbox and play Xbox Live quite often. I have experienced problems though, for example my broadband router had broken and I couldn’t go on Xbox Live until I got it fixed, also the Xbox Live service had not responded which again meant that I couldn’t use the service. The other problem is that paedophiles are able to use the service so you never know if the person you are talking to is being genuine or not. People also use games consoles for watching DVD’s but this has only become available in the newer consoles. With the Xbox you can also put a CD into the Xbox and save it to the integrated hard disk and can then play the CD’s while your playing a game. Again this is technology that has only recently been introduced. Another type of entertainment is digital TV. Originally TV and radio used analogue signals but over the past few years more and more digital radios and digital TV’s have become available. A digital signal is basically a TV or radio signal that is computerised and has to be decoded at the receiving end in order to watch digital TV or listen to virtually crystal clear music on a radio. Digital television (DTV) allows you to receive digital transmissions from different TV stations that have installed digital transmitters and record their programmes using equipment that can handle digital signals. With DTV you can enjoy excellent quality pictures and clear sound. But all good things come at a price and in order to watch Digital TV you must buy either a digital TV adaptor for an existing TV, which will cost about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100, or you can buy a new integrated DTV television set known as a iDTV for about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500. I use Digital TV because I have Sky Digital. It is a good quality picture and good sound and also doesn’t cost too much at approx à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 a month. I have a digibox, which is basically a small box on top of or underneath the TV and the signal comes through a Sky dish on the side of my house. The signal is then transferred to the digibox and I can watch the channel I want on my TV. There are a lot of channels on Sky and I only have a few of them. There are also movie channels which show movies 24/7 on about 12 different channels, and sport channel which shows sport 24/7 on about 15 different channels, but to have all these channels can cost over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month. The disadvantage comes when there is bad weather. In heavy rain the signal often gets interrupted which means that either no signal is received or a very poor signal is received. As in a thunderstorm, the signal gets interrupted and no signal can be received. Other problems can be if the station I am receiving the picture from is experiencing technical problems no signal can be received. Most of the time though the quality is good and there is no problem. A revolutionary new technology that Sky has introduced is called Sky plus. With this you get a new digibox and Sky plus allows you to pause live TV, record shows and watch them later without the use of a VCR. You can even rewind live TV if you want to watch something again, such as a good goal in a football match. If you do stop or rewind then a little counter comes up on screen that tells you how far behind the live TV you are, then by simply pressing play on the remote control you can carry on watching from where you paused it or you can just go back to the live TV by pressing the sky button. This is technology that has only recently been introduced and costs an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 on top of whatever sky package you already have. Storage Media There are a lot of different types of Storage Media. Originally data was stored on floppy disks but space was limited and the disks were quite large. Consequently there soon became a need for more and more space to store things on. Floppy disks could only hold 1.4mb of data but then zip drives became available which could hold different amounts of data, the maximum of which was 250mb. The disadvantage of this was that you couldn’t put the disk straight into your computer. You had to buy a zip drive which either connected to the computer through USB or you could plug it straight into the computer. This was only a short- term solution and demand came for more and more space. The answer was compact disks, known as CD’s for short. Originally designed to hold music, CD’s could hold up to 700mb of data, an ideal source for storing data. Nowadays computers are fitted with CD-Rewriters (CD-RW), which can store music on a CD, make a copy of a CD, or just store es.here are currently two types of disks available they are: CD-Record (CD-R) – this can only have files or music stored on it once and then you can’t add or take anything off the CD. CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) – this can have music or files stored on it as many times as you want. If you add something and feel you want to add more, you can easily do this. You can now get a DVD type disk. These can hold much more data than normal CD’s but they do cost more and will not work on some older computers. I usually use CD-R to store music because CD-RW does not work on some CD players, which can be a problem. If I want to store data on a CD however I usually use a CD-RW as most computers can read these and I can always add more data at a later stage. Businesses use CD-RW on their computers because if they have data that they want everyone in the office to have, then they can simply put the data on a CD and make numerous copies of it. They can then give everyone in the office a copy of the CD. At school we use CD-RW. For example, in the ICT course, the school wanted us each to have two CD’s. They had the two CD’s they wanted and then copied them and gave everyone doing the ICT course a copy to take home. The CD’s had useful software and information on that I will use while doing the ICT course. The obvious disadvantage to storing data or music on CD’s is that if the CD becomes full then no more data can be put onto the CD. If you want to put a PowerPoint presentation and a word document on a CD then the presentation may take up a lot, maybe even all, the space. This will depend on the content and how many pictures it has on it. If the presentation does take up all the space then there won’t be enough room for the word document and that would mean you would have to use another CD. That would be an inconvenient because you would have to carry two CD’s around. The alternative to CD’s is email but the amount of data that can be sent by email can be limited. Also the person who needs the information may not have access to a computer. Another alternative is to print all the information on paper and post it to the person who needs it. Communication Mobile phones are everywhere these days and virtually everyone has got one. Mobile phones used to be much larger than they are now and were a big inconvenience to carry around, as they couldn’t just fit into your pocket like the mobile phones of today. Only wealthy businessmen owned them, as they were expensive to both use and buy. As with all things, over time they got smaller and smaller and now they can be very small and more and more people have them. They are even regarded as a necessity to young people. People don’t just use mobile phones for calling other people though. Texting has become a very popular way to communicate, especially amongst the younger generation. There are two main types of message; Short Message Service (SMS) – this is the most common use of texting and one of the most useful. A message, just like an email, of up to 150 characters can be sent to one or more people at once for an average of 10p per message. Due to the small amount of characters a texting ‘language’ has developed to reduce space and therefore enable you to say more in a message. An example of this language would be ‘you’ has been shortened to just ‘u’. They both sound the same but one takes up fewer characters than the other. Hundreds of thousands of these messages are sent every day from mobile to mobile and providing signal is good and both people have there mobile phones on, a text message can be sent from here to Australia in an amazing 6 seconds. New services have become available using text messages. For example phone companies such as Vodafone allow mobile phone users to subscribe to a service where football or cricket scores can be sent to the subscribers phone as soon as they happen. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) – Another recent development, MMS is an advanced form of SMS. Instead of just sending a message, new mobile phones will allow you to send photos, or you could send ringtones, or a pre-recorded voice message. These new phones are a little heavier then old mobile phones, but they are more sophisticated. For instance, if you go on holiday, instead of sending a postcard to your friends and family you could just take a picture using the inbuilt camera and send it using an MMS message. You can even add some writing to it. I have a new mobile phone with a digital camera; I can take good quality pictures and then send them to my friends. I also use a mobile phone to text my friends but to do this I need a good signal and sufficient credit. Businesses use mobile phones, especially people that travel around a lot and are not based in one location all the time. Salesmen would find it hard to manage without mobile phones, as they need to be able to keep in touch with their customers, and with one another, at all times. One major disadvantage of mobile phones is that they are thought to emit radioactivity. Although this has not been proven there are many people that believe that radio masts and mobile phones are a health problem to them and there are strict planning laws regarding the positioning of radio masts.

Cause and Effects of Texting While Driving Essay

Texting while driving is a major issue affecting today’s society. Texting has grown to be one of the biggest forms of communication among people, despite the fact that some of these messages might be sent from behind the wheel of a moving vehicle. As a result, distracted driving often occurs removing the main objective a driver should be focusing on; the road ahead. Texting-related vehicular accidents and fatalities have caused a majority of states to establish texting bans, making this act illegal while driving. With texting-related accidents increasing, new approaches and resources are being developed to eliminate this epidemic problem. It is imperative to express awareness that performing the illegal act of texting while driving is a dangerous behavior that not only causes distracted driving but also impairs the driver’s ability to lose focus on the road with the possibility of severe consequences. Text messaging is becoming the commonly used method in our connected society today. People of all ages can be seen using modern day devices such as cell phones and tablets. â€Å"Six billion SMS (short message service) messages are sent every day, while 2.2 trillion are sent a year within the United States and 8.6 trillion text messages are sent globally each year† (CNN.com). These devices allow its users the mobility and immediate accessibility to communicate with each other. With this in mind, some of these outgoing messages are sent while driving. The reasons can vary upon why a person would text and drive but, one possibility can be linked to its convenience. It is not uncommon to see a person fully indulged in their device; checking texts and emails or social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram and, Twitter. With the progression of text messaging being the method of choice to communicate in this society, people have become so fixated on their devices that it is becoming a daily occurrence to incorporate it in their everyday routines, including driving. Sending a text out while driving can have numerous effects, which includes distracted driving. Distracted driving is anything that can divert the driver’s main attention that is critical to driving safely such as texting,  talking on the cell phone, eating, conversing with passengers, and so forth. Texting while driving is the worst of all driver distractions because it simultaneously uses cognitive, visual, and manual recognition. The U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that at least 3,000 deaths occur annually from driver distracted accidents (NHTSA 2012). Furthermore, studies have also shown that novice drivers (i.e. teenagers) tend to be at a higher risk at distracted driving than experienced drivers (i.e. adults). For the most part, texting is the worst distraction for anyone driving because both tasks require concentration which ultimately, the driving suffers due to the lack of attention fro m the driver’s ability to entirely focus on the road. The effects of texting while driving also can cause extremely hazardous driving conditions that compromise the safety of the driver and their passengers along with other drivers sharing the roads and highways. Because texting requires at least one hand on the device and the driver’s eyes away from the road, the focus of the driver is not fully devoted to controlling the vehicle. This often leads to lane deviation that could possibly result in potentially dangerous situations. â€Å"Most drivers take their eyes off the road a minimum of five seconds to perform any task and if the driver is travelling at a speed of 55 mph, it is equivalent to covering the distance of an entire football field while blindfolded† (Harmon 10). Moreover, the ability to stop quickly is also compromised in the event that the driver approaches nearby hazards. For example, a driver might inadvertently turn the wheel suddenly due to the fact that their focus was on their device. This could lead to missed opportunities to stay straight ahead on the road, swerve into another lane and/or vehicle, or possibly worse, into an innocent pedestrian walking along the road. With all things considered, texting is a dangerous behavior while driving that could impact not only their safety, but the safety of their passengers, other drivers and their passengers, bicyclists, and pedestrians. Drivers are aware not to text while driving, but many still do despite the fact that it is illegal in many states. Currently, 45 states ban text messaging while driving (NCSL 2015). Of those states, 39 enforce laws with  primary restrictions (an officer may pull a driver over for texting) and only 5 enforce it as a secondary offense (an officer can only ticket a driver committing a primary offense [e.g. speeding] first and not just for texting). A study performed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health looked into the effects of the different texting bans on vehicular fatalities from 48 states from 2000-2010 (Harman 10). Their study found that states with primary enforced laws detected a 3% (an average of 19 deaths per year) reduction of fatalities in all age groups whereas; states that enforced secondary restrictions had no significant decline. The greatest impact shown was texting bans that affected young drivers (aged 15-21) with an 11% reduction in deaths. Given these points, hard evidence concludes that these states implementing and enforcing these texting bans are also saving the lives of many people. As a result of texting-related accidents and fatalities increasing, new approaches and resources are being developed to eliminate this problem. One of the simplest methods a person can apply while driving—one that can possibly save a life—would be to turn their cell phone off. If an incoming message is that important, the driver can simply pull on the side of the road to read and/or send an outgoing message. Furthermore, several apps such as AT&T DriveMode and Live2Txt, are now available for users to download on their cell phones to prevent any incoming calls and text messages from appearing while inside of a moving vehicle. In addition, in March 2010 AT&T—now supported by Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile, as well as more than 200 other organizations—has launched their â€Å"It Can Wait† campaign with the efforts to end texting while driving (Mlot 2013). Their multi-million dollar awareness campaign includes a texting-while-driving simulator and an outreach program geared towards teens emphasizing the threat and dangers of texting behind the wheel. The DOT has also launched several distracted driving enforcement and advertising campaigns using the phrase â€Å"U Drive. U Text. U Pay.† to combat and crackdown on distracted driving. In brief, accidents related to texting while driving can easily be avoided if drivers heed the warnings of these awareness campaigns or by simply switching off their phones; which could perhaps save a life. Taking everything into consideration, texting has enhanced the lives of many people with the ease and mobility to communicate with one another however; applying this method while driving is a dangerous behavior that is not only illegal in many states, but also has serious consequences if the driver is not focused behind the main priority of driving safely. Awareness campaigns have been designed to emphasize the extreme importance on how texting and driving can and has impacted many lives. Everyone can do their part to eliminate this problematic issue by simply taking one step and make the roads a little safer by easily turning off their phones while driving. Ultimately, drivers should be aware that there is no message or text that could be of greater importance than the life of another person.